<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949</id><updated>2012-02-03T12:16:57.826-08:00</updated><category term='Neuromyths'/><category term='Childish Brain'/><category term='Adult brain'/><category term='Nutritional brain'/><category term='Gender of The Brain'/><category term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><category term='Teenage Brain'/><category term='Environment and Development of the Brain'/><category term='Intelligence and Brain'/><category term='The Brain and the Languages'/><category term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><category term='Brain Plasticity'/><category term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>Brain Learning By Hegel SALAZAR HERBOZO</title><subtitle type='html'>The Author of this blog Comment or just Translate his readings about The Learning Neurophysiology.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>81</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5560114140088931454</id><published>2012-01-29T03:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-03T12:16:57.832-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RMTuik2HPSQ/TwBbnWdjpKI/AAAAAAAAA1http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifw/YO_RLfCjHnk/s1600/Infantes%2BAprendiendo%2B2%2BIdiomas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 231px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RMTuik2HPSQ/TwBbnWdjpKI/AAAAAAAAA1w/YO_RLfCjHnk/s320/Infantes%2BAprendiendo%2B2%2BIdiomas.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692650660598883490" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2012/01/los-infantes-solo-aprender-bien-un.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2012/01/as-criancas-so-aprendem-bem-uma-lingua.html"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Knowledge Acquired in a Language Is NOT Accessible or Transferable to Another Language”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iEevxy4ZD1c/TwBeMp6kLYI/AAAAAAAAA18/9u2s-KDO90k/s1600/Functional%2BMRI.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 267px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iEevxy4ZD1c/TwBeMp6kLYI/AAAAAAAAA18/9u2s-KDO90k/s320/Functional%2BMRI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692653500499242370" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Recent studies &lt;strong&gt;have revealed overlapping language areas in the brain of people who have a strong command of more than one language.&lt;/strong&gt; This point could be twisted in favour of the myth that the brain has only “limited space” in which to store information relating to language. Other studies on bilingual subjects have shown the activation of distinct areas of a few millimetres when they described what they did that day in their native language, then in the language learned much later (Kim, 1997).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_JjURp_L9YY/TwBrYZQpn5I/AAAAAAAAA2I/oR0JSz9oK4w/s1600/FMRI.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_JjURp_L9YY/TwBrYZQpn5I/AAAAAAAAA2I/oR0JSz9oK4w/s320/FMRI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692667995838062482" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The question of “language areas” in multilingual individuals has thus not yet been resolved.&lt;strong&gt; But from this lack of resolution, it &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;is wrong&lt;/span&gt; to claim that the strong command of one’s native language &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;is weakened&lt;/span&gt;  when a second language is learned.&lt;/strong&gt; Abundant cases of multilingual experts are living proof that this is not so. Students who learn a foreign language at school do not get weaker in their native language but instead advance in both.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bFjn1te8SII/TwCfUg_EbCI/AAAAAAAAA2Y/wCKMwH8aWrc/s1600/Dos%2BNi%25C3%25B1os%2BAprendiendo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 232px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bFjn1te8SII/TwCfUg_EbCI/AAAAAAAAA2Y/wCKMwH8aWrc/s320/Dos%2BNi%25C3%25B1os%2BAprendiendo.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692725103796972578" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Knowledge acquired in a language is not accessible or transferable to another language” &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;is another myth&lt;/span&gt; and one of the most counter-intuitive.&lt;/strong&gt; Anyone who learns a difficult concept in one language – for example evolution – can understand it in another language. If there is incapacity to explain the concept in the second language, it is due to a lack of vocabulary not a decrease in knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCMHzJpoBqk/TwDuknMZ3UI/AAAAAAAAA2g/L8zPldoLA1I/s1600/Imagen%2Bde%2BRMN%2BFuncional.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 254px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TCMHzJpoBqk/TwDuknMZ3UI/AAAAAAAAA2g/L8zPldoLA1I/s320/Imagen%2Bde%2BRMN%2BFuncional.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692812241760017730" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Experiments have found that the more knowledge is acquired in different languages, &lt;strong&gt;the more it &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;is stored in areas far away&lt;/span&gt; from the area reserved for language: it is not only preserved in the form of words but in other forms such as images.&lt;/strong&gt; Multilingual individuals may no longer remember in what language they learned certain things – they may forget after a while if they read a particular article or saw a particular film, for example, in French, in German, or in English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 118 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5560114140088931454?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5560114140088931454/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2012/01/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5560114140088931454'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5560114140088931454'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2012/01/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well.html' title='Do Infants Only Learn &quot;One&quot; Language Well? (3)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RMTuik2HPSQ/TwBbnWdjpKI/AAAAAAAAA1w/YO_RLfCjHnk/s72-c/Infantes%2BAprendiendo%2B2%2BIdiomas.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2301887548812247104</id><published>2011-12-31T19:10:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T03:48:50.309-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-82sj29rw2d0/Tv-3cvfh0eI/AAAAAAAAA1A/5KXXOW-gw4k/s1600/Another%2BBrick%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWall.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 252px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-82sj29rw2d0/Tv-3cvfh0eI/AAAAAAAAA1A/5KXXOW-gw4k/s320/Another%2BBrick%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWall.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692470158432522722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/12/los-infantes-solo-aprender-bien-un_31.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/12/as-criancas-so-aprendem-bem-uma-lingua_31.html"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do Bilingual Children Develop Their “Intelligence” Less?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X5z0fJy9meg/Tv-3ziklPyI/AAAAAAAAA1M/li8jazZH9P8/s1600/The%2BWall.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 233px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X5z0fJy9meg/Tv-3ziklPyI/AAAAAAAAA1M/li8jazZH9P8/s320/The%2BWall.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692470550101049122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The myths arise from a combination of factors. Since &lt;strong&gt;language is important culturally and politically&lt;/strong&gt;, these considerations colour numerous arguments, including brain research findings, &lt;strong&gt;to favour one “Official” language to the &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/detriment?q=detriment"&gt;detriment &lt;/a&gt;of others.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kmzgacfweXs/Tv-9hHZZ_7I/AAAAAAAAA1Y/FhEDmMavD-A/s1600/Anmesia%2BPostraumatica.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kmzgacfweXs/Tv-9hHZZ_7I/AAAAAAAAA1Y/FhEDmMavD-A/s320/Anmesia%2BPostraumatica.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692476830638538674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Certain medical observations have played their part: cases of bi- or multilingual patients completely forgetting one language and not at all &lt;strong&gt;another after a head trauma helped foster the idea that languages occupied separate areas in the brain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zIJUZ2Dz9lY/Tv-_JB8z6yI/AAAAAAAAA1k/_v_gTpgkJTY/s1600/Clase%2Ba%25C3%25B1os%2B20.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 190px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zIJUZ2Dz9lY/Tv-_JB8z6yI/AAAAAAAAA1k/_v_gTpgkJTY/s320/Clase%2Ba%25C3%25B1os%2B20.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5692478615882820386" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Studies conducted at the &lt;strong&gt;beginning of the 20th century,&lt;/strong&gt; which found that bilingual individuals had inferior “intelligence”, were carried out with faulty methodologies, &lt;strong&gt;being based mainly on migrant children who were often undernourished and in difficult cultural and social conditions.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sr4fn5X4ZrI/AAAAAAAAAJw/xugBdWYcLqM/s1600-h/mother-imigrant-poor_m%C3%83%C2%A3e_pobre_imigrante%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 256px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5385776974658037426" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sr4fn5X4ZrI/AAAAAAAAAJw/xugBdWYcLqM/s320/mother-imigrant-poor_m%25C3%25A3e_pobre_imigrante%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The protocols should have taken into account that many of these children had started learning the language of their host country around the age of 5, 6, or later, and, without a strong command of that language, they had problems learning other subjects. &lt;strong&gt;In short, we cannot meaningfully compare the intelligence of monolingual children from native, often well-off families with that of multilingual children from primarily underprivileged environments with limited family knowledge of the dominant language.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 118 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2301887548812247104?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2301887548812247104/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/12/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well_31.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2301887548812247104'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2301887548812247104'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/12/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well_31.html' title='Do Infants Only Learn &quot;One&quot; Language Well? (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-82sj29rw2d0/Tv-3cvfh0eI/AAAAAAAAA1A/5KXXOW-gw4k/s72-c/Another%2BBrick%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWall.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-904930324156883098</id><published>2011-12-26T01:38:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-31T20:28:58.659-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bmIH1J3hGEM/TvL78EBqFSI/AAAAAAAAA0E/Hmb06U1Y040/s1600/Aprendido%2BIdiomas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5688886288613774626" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 318px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bmIH1J3hGEM/TvL78EBqFSI/AAAAAAAAA0E/Hmb06U1Y040/s320/Aprendido%2BIdiomas.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/12/los-infantes-solo-aprender-bien-un.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/12/as-criancas-so-aprendem-bem-uma-lingua.html"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Do Infants Only Learn "One" Language Well? (1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Can A Young Child’s Brain Only Manage to Learn One Language at a Time?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Today, half the world population speaks at least two languages and multilingualism is generally considered an asset. Yet for long, many have believed that &lt;strong&gt;learning a new language is problematic for the native language&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g2GFpqgwqFs/TvL948AqZsI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/hwnmpr1PKuE/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BConfundido.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5688888433945765570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 317px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g2GFpqgwqFs/TvL948AqZsI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/hwnmpr1PKuE/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BConfundido.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Superstitions &lt;/strong&gt;on this die hard and are often based on the false representation of language in the brain. &lt;strong&gt;One myth &lt;/strong&gt; is that the more one learns a new language, the more one &lt;strong&gt;necessarily &lt;/strong&gt;loses the other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bujo5FwnUDE/TvMAktuTQ3I/AAAAAAAAA0c/UfrajlS3kTw/s1600/Language%2BBrain%2BAreas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5688891385048154994" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 160px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bujo5FwnUDE/TvMAktuTQ3I/AAAAAAAAA0c/UfrajlS3kTw/s320/Language%2BBrain%2BAreas.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Another myth &lt;/strong&gt;imagines &lt;strong&gt;two languages as occupying separate areas in the brain without contact points&lt;/strong&gt; such that knowledge acquired in one language cannot be transferred to the other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lPeb_XvC1rg/TvMCEEmKSvI/AAAAAAAAA0o/jz2cifWbuAA/s1600/Boys%2BLearning%2BSpanish.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5688893023275600626" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 219px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lPeb_XvC1rg/TvMCEEmKSvI/AAAAAAAAA0o/jz2cifWbuAA/s320/Boys%2BLearning%2BSpanish.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;From these ideas, it has been supposed that the simultaneous learning of two languages during infancy would create a mixture of the two languages in the brain and slow down the development of the child. The false inference is that the native language had to be learned &lt;strong&gt;“correctly”&lt;/strong&gt; before &lt;strong&gt;beginning another one.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZNORx3yPfeo/TvMChZsjylI/AAAAAAAAA00/McSnTFG5a_8/s1600/Aprendizaje%2BBilingue%2BNi%25C3%25B1as.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5688893527155788370" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZNORx3yPfeo/TvMChZsjylI/AAAAAAAAA00/McSnTFG5a_8/s320/Aprendizaje%2BBilingue%2BNi%25C3%25B1as.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 118 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-904930324156883098?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/904930324156883098/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/12/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/904930324156883098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/904930324156883098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/12/do-infants-only-learn-one-language-well.html' title='Do Infants Only Learn &quot;One&quot; Language Well? (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bmIH1J3hGEM/TvL78EBqFSI/AAAAAAAAA0E/Hmb06U1Y040/s72-c/Aprendido%2BIdiomas.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2629390504477628182</id><published>2011-10-02T07:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-26T01:40:12.063-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Have We Two Brains? (5)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pnMW6eijm38/ToZi6FNTH_I/AAAAAAAAAxg/IeDV4jbF47s/s1600/PET%2BScan.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 174px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pnMW6eijm38/ToZi6FNTH_I/AAAAAAAAAxg/IeDV4jbF47s/s320/PET%2BScan.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658318731807498226" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/09/tenemos-dos-cerebros-5.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/10/existe-un-cerebro-izquierdo-y-otro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Is There One ‘Left-Brain’ &amp;amp; &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Another &lt;/span&gt;‘Right-Brain’?” (5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No, &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;None&lt;/span&gt; Escientific Evidence Confirms That&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g5kCG78I99c/TrGjZQ5DIeI/AAAAAAAAAyk/-fwVZVryPqg/s1600/MRI%2BScan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 246px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g5kCG78I99c/TrGjZQ5DIeI/AAAAAAAAAyk/-fwVZVryPqg/s320/MRI%2BScan.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670493060262470114" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;No &lt;/span&gt; Scientific Evidence,&lt;/strong&gt; indeed, &lt;strong&gt;indicates a correlation between the degree of creativity and the activity of the Right hemisphere. &lt;/strong&gt;A recent analysis of 65 studies on&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"&gt; Brain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"&gt;Imaging &lt;/a&gt;and &lt;strong&gt; the processing of emotions concludes that such processing &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;cannot&lt;/span&gt; be associated &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Exclusively &lt;/span&gt; with the Right Hemisphere.&lt;/strong&gt; Similarly, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;No &lt;/span&gt;Scientific Evidence &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Validates &lt;/span&gt; the idea that analysis and logic depend on the left hemisphere&lt;/strong&gt;, or that the left hemisphere is the special seat for arithmetic or reading. Dehaene (1997) found that the two hemispheres are active when identifying Arab numerals (e.g. 1 or 2 or 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XmdEjo56NY0/TociIF7zcpI/AAAAAAAAAyI/xeDHL1uVxWM/s1600/PET%2BLanguage%2BAreas.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 257px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XmdEjo56NY0/TociIF7zcpI/AAAAAAAAAyI/xeDHL1uVxWM/s320/PET%2BLanguage%2BAreas.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658528979241628306" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UObKifV5jkw/TrGm4ljNqfI/AAAAAAAAAyw/H43Qf95kB5Q/s1600/RMN%2Bfuncional.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 183px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UObKifV5jkw/TrGm4ljNqfI/AAAAAAAAAyw/H43Qf95kB5Q/s320/RMN%2Bfuncional.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670496896918858226" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other studies show that, when the components of reading processes are analysed (e.g. decoding written words or recognising sounds for the higher level processes, such as reading a text), &lt;strong&gt;Sub-systems of the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Two Hemispheres&lt;/span&gt; Are Activated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cw0cLS72Ic8/TociMlcODTI/AAAAAAAAAyQ/ATzDCATvFjg/s1600/Healthy%2BBrain%2BPET%2Bscan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 255px; height: 279px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cw0cLS72Ic8/TociMlcODTI/AAAAAAAAAyQ/ATzDCATvFjg/s320/Healthy%2BBrain%2BPET%2Bscan.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658529056418565426" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--HYYZ3H--Sc/TrGp4zpMRcI/AAAAAAAAAy8/pwb4A6hM3IQ/s1600/MRI%2BFuntional%2BScan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--HYYZ3H--Sc/TrGp4zpMRcI/AAAAAAAAAy8/pwb4A6hM3IQ/s320/MRI%2BFuntional%2BScan.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670500199236912578" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even a capacity associated essentially with the right hemisphere – encoding spatial relationships –&lt;strong&gt; proves to be within the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Competence&lt;/span&gt; of the two hemispheres&lt;/strong&gt;; but in a different way in each case. The left hemisphere is more skilful at encoding “categorical” spatial relationships (e.g. high/low or right/left), while the right hemisphere is more skilful at encoding metric spatial relationships (i.e. continuous distances).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qFPLa__rNvw/ToZjrMb5AhI/AAAAAAAAAxo/DIh-ZBlJT8M/s1600/TAC%2BPositrones.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 241px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qFPLa__rNvw/ToZjrMb5AhI/AAAAAAAAAxo/DIh-ZBlJT8M/s320/TAC%2BPositrones.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658319575561339410" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pb9Bo8omcnU/TrGsrSILrCI/AAAAAAAAAzI/RAgtfJLerL0/s1600/MRI%2BScanner%2Bwith%2Bpatient.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 303px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Pb9Bo8omcnU/TrGsrSILrCI/AAAAAAAAAzI/RAgtfJLerL0/s320/MRI%2BScanner%2Bwith%2Bpatient.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670503265436675106" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"&gt; Brain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"&gt;Imaging &lt;/a&gt;has shown that even in these two specific cases, &lt;strong&gt;areas of &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;both&lt;/span&gt; hemispheres are activated and working &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;together&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  A more surprising finding, perhaps, is that the dominant hemisphere for language is not necessarily connected to right- or left-handedness, as had been thought. A widespread idea is that right-handed people have their language on the left and vice versa, but 5% of right-handed people have the main areas related to language in the right hemisphere and nearly a third of left-handed people have them located in the left hemisphere.&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DFauORSErnc/ToZwv4esyTI/AAAAAAAAAyA/YgW3Gs2rWu8/s1600/tac%255B1%255D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DFauORSErnc/ToZwv4esyTI/AAAAAAAAAyA/YgW3Gs2rWu8/s320/tac%255B1%255D.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658333949754919218" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kQvm_57ODF4/TrG0ouw24OI/AAAAAAAAAz4/szfPlBG64I8/s1600/Imaging.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 306px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kQvm_57ODF4/TrG0ouw24OI/AAAAAAAAAz4/szfPlBG64I8/s320/Imaging.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670512017676886242" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vZlBgbNkYDQ/ToZmmfrz86I/AAAAAAAAAxw/7s8_SsF9rWw/s1600/PET%2BHD.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 307px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vZlBgbNkYDQ/ToZmmfrz86I/AAAAAAAAAxw/7s8_SsF9rWw/s320/PET%2BHD.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658322793363927970" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ez6jFLy8cnk/TrGynleyS7I/AAAAAAAAAzs/XN_NKVxiaNk/s1600/FMRIscan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 194px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ez6jFLy8cnk/TrGynleyS7I/AAAAAAAAAzs/XN_NKVxiaNk/s320/FMRIscan.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670509798982044594" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zzrMzvzdRz8/ToZozT09_6I/AAAAAAAAAx4/MORMPO7hCwA/s1600/TEP.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 317px; height: 251px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zzrMzvzdRz8/ToZozT09_6I/AAAAAAAAAx4/MORMPO7hCwA/s320/TEP.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5658325212542664610" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ju7ovArOYDM/TrGwiWXbFxI/AAAAAAAAAzg/MWCqPr17RGc/s1600/MRI%2BScanner.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 245px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ju7ovArOYDM/TrGwiWXbFxI/AAAAAAAAAzg/MWCqPr17RGc/s320/MRI%2BScanner.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670507510002030354" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Based on the latest studies, therefore, scientists think that &lt;strong&gt;the hemispheres of the brain &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;do not work&lt;/span&gt; separately&lt;/strong&gt; but together for all cognitive tasks, even if there are functional asymmetries. &lt;strong&gt;As a highly &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;integrated system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, it is rare that one part of the brain works individually. There are some tasks – such as recognising faces and producing speech – that are dominated by a given hemisphere, but most require that the two hemispheres work at the same time. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7pmjDL5nzbo/TontEQ6IZ0I/AAAAAAAAAyY/8G4GlzuELl8/s1600/Brain-ct-PET.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 266px; height: 266px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7pmjDL5nzbo/TontEQ6IZ0I/AAAAAAAAAyY/8G4GlzuELl8/s320/Brain-ct-PET.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5659315064281786178" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3Uoc7Lh6tWg/TrGuz703QjI/AAAAAAAAAzU/Oe3TnhOZIq4/s1600/RMNF%2BMulticorte.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 318px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3Uoc7Lh6tWg/TrGuz703QjI/AAAAAAAAAzU/Oe3TnhOZIq4/s320/RMNF%2BMulticorte.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5670505613092143666" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;invalidates&lt;/span&gt; the “left brain” and “right brain” concepts.&lt;/strong&gt; Even if they may have brought some benefit through supporting more diversified educational methods, classifying students or cultures according to a dominant brain hemisphere &lt;strong&gt;is &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;highly dubious&lt;/span&gt; scientifically, potentially dangerous socially, and strongly questionable ethically. It is thus an important myth &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;to avoid&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 117 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2629390504477628182?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2629390504477628182/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/10/have-we-two-brains-5.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2629390504477628182'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2629390504477628182'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/10/have-we-two-brains-5.html' title='Have We Two Brains? (5)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pnMW6eijm38/ToZi6FNTH_I/AAAAAAAAAxg/IeDV4jbF47s/s72-c/PET%2BScan.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3276175892880987198</id><published>2011-09-03T07:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-12T03:53:23.449-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Have We Two Brains? (4)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AKkyUb4J2_k/Tl6jmNXkKQI/AAAAAAAAAwQ/1c-NjbQPqsY/s1600/cerebro%2BDividido.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 257px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647130859588036866" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AKkyUb4J2_k/Tl6jmNXkKQI/AAAAAAAAAwQ/1c-NjbQPqsY/s320/cerebro%2BDividido.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/09/english-portugues-existe-un-cerebro.html"&gt;Español &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/09/espanol-english-temos-um-cerebro.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Is There One ‘Left-Brain’ &amp;amp; &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Another &lt;/span&gt;‘Right-Brain’?” (4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since the 70s, &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Arise More&lt;/span&gt; Neuromyths About the "Split Brain"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This &lt;strong&gt;set of findings (&lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/07/have-we-two-brains-2.html"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/08/have-we-two-brains-3.html"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt; was ripe for &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;spawning&lt;/span&gt; neuromyths.&lt;/strong&gt; In 1970, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Ornstein"&gt;Robert Ornstein&lt;/a&gt;’s &lt;em&gt;"The Psychology of Consciousness"&lt;/em&gt; hypothesised that “Westerners” use mainly the left half of their brain with a well-trained left hemisphere thanks to their focus on language and logical thinking.&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--J088xYJJmU/Tl61bLK2tgI/AAAAAAAAAwg/MWmh1xpOk7Y/s1600/Book%2BPsychology%2BConscious.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--J088xYJJmU/Tl61bLK2tgI/AAAAAAAAAwg/MWmh1xpOk7Y/s320/Book%2BPsychology%2BConscious.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647150461228594690" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;However, they neglect their right hemisphere and, therefore, their emotional and intuitive thinking. Ornstein associates the left hemisphere with the logical and analytical thinking of “Westerners” and the right hemisphere with emotional and intuitive “Oriental” thinking.&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LmhFRc35D6k/Tl6zSCoA_VI/AAAAAAAAAwY/aBqpIozjtC0/s1600/Psychology%2BConscious.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 302px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LmhFRc35D6k/Tl6zSCoA_VI/AAAAAAAAAwY/aBqpIozjtC0/s320/Psychology%2BConscious.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647148105292905810" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The traditional dualism between intelligence and intuition is thus accorded a &lt;strong&gt;“Physiological Origin”&lt;/strong&gt;, based on the difference between the two hemispheres of the brain. Apart from the highly questionable ethical aspect of Ornstein’s ideas, they &lt;strong&gt;are the accumulated result of &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;misinterpretations and distortions&lt;/span&gt; of available scientific findings.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DcQyBtB0m48/Tl64nmw5bUI/AAAAAAAAAwo/4BacB7-BgKg/s1600/Left%2BBrain%2BRight%2BBrain.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 298px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DcQyBtB0m48/Tl64nmw5bUI/AAAAAAAAAwo/4BacB7-BgKg/s320/Left%2BBrain%2BRight%2BBrain.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647153973329227074" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Another widespread notion, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;without&lt;/span&gt; scientific foundation&lt;/strong&gt;, stipulates that the left hemisphere tends to process quick changes and analyses the details and characteristics of the stimuli, while the right processes the simultaneous and general characteristics of the stimuli.&lt;strong&gt;This model remains &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;entirely speculative&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; Starting from the differences between the verbal hemisphere (the left) and the non-verbal hemisphere (the right), a growing number of abstract concepts and relationships between mental functions and the two hemispheres has made their appearance on the neuromyth stage, &lt;strong&gt;moving &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;further and further away from&lt;/span&gt; the scientific findings.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UsfUffPla0s/Tl66fDlakNI/AAAAAAAAAww/M-kS7dkHcbI/s1600/Left-brain-right.png"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 288px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UsfUffPla0s/Tl66fDlakNI/AAAAAAAAAww/M-kS7dkHcbI/s320/Left-brain-right.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647156025470128338" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Gradually, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;further&lt;/span&gt; myths emerged&lt;/strong&gt; in which the two hemispheres are associated not just with two ways of thinking but as revelations of two types of personality. The concepts of “left brain thinking” and “right brain thinking”, together with the idea of a dominant hemisphere, led to the notion that each individual depends predominantly on one of the two hemispheres, with distinctive cognitive styles. A rational and analytical person could be characterised as “left-brained”, an intuitive and emotional person as “right-brained”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1f7Sgl4bQbQ/Tl7BaxMRPzI/AAAAAAAAAw4/RZvcb3HB2uc/s1600/Lucha%2Bde%2BCerebros.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 252px; height: 200px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1f7Sgl4bQbQ/Tl7BaxMRPzI/AAAAAAAAAw4/RZvcb3HB2uc/s320/Lucha%2Bde%2BCerebros.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647163648394739506" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The idea that “Western Societies” &lt;strong&gt;focus &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;on only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;   half of our mental capacities (“our left brain thinking”) and neglect the other half (“our right brain thinking”) &lt;strong&gt;became &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;widespread&lt;/span&gt;, and some&lt;/strong&gt; educationists and systems jumped on the bandwagon to recommend that schools change their teaching methods according to the dominant hemisphere concept.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GX9sMIQ4SEM/Tl7DwkQuc6I/AAAAAAAAAxA/I6s_1biyIkU/s1600/Lateraliidad.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GX9sMIQ4SEM/Tl7DwkQuc6I/AAAAAAAAAxA/I6s_1biyIkU/s320/Lateraliidad.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647166221904147362" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Educators like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Cheek_Hunter"&gt;M. Hunter&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Paul_Torrance"&gt;E.P Torrance&lt;/a&gt; claimed that educational programmes were principally made for “left brains” and favour left brain-dependent activities like always sitting in class or learning algebra, instead of favouring the right hemisphere by allowing students to stretch out and learn geometry. &lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_iNgb6m4kSU/Tl7GVxXEJkI/AAAAAAAAAxI/nPrwQDH5w70/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BMonta%25C3%25B1a%2BRusa.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_iNgb6m4kSU/Tl7GVxXEJkI/AAAAAAAAAxI/nPrwQDH5w70/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BMonta%25C3%25B1a%2BRusa.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647169060098811458" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hence, methods were devised which sought to engage the two hemispheres, or even to emphasise activities related to the right hemisphere. Such an example is “show and tell”: instead of just reading texts to the students (left hemisphere action), the teacher also shows images and graphs (right hemisphere actions). &lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M82JebDNuB0/Tl7IC3tt_3I/AAAAAAAAAxY/ZVfxTamiJRg/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2Btocando%2BQuena.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M82JebDNuB0/Tl7IC3tt_3I/AAAAAAAAAxY/ZVfxTamiJRg/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2Btocando%2BQuena.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647170934410182514" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Other methods use music, metaphors, role-playing, meditation, or drawing, all to activate the synchronisation of the two hemispheres. &lt;strong&gt;Arguably, they &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;have served&lt;/span&gt; to advance education by diversifying its methods. &lt;/strong&gt; Nevertheless, insofar as they have borrowed on theories of the brain, they &lt;strong&gt;are based on scientific &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;misinterpretation&lt;/span&gt; as the two halves of the brain &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;cannot&lt;/span&gt; be so clearly separated.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pg5JXtbVOEI/Tl7Gb2nNFkI/AAAAAAAAAxQ/03yzH3tvEiY/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1a%2BViolin.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 190px; height: 221px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pg5JXtbVOEI/Tl7Gb2nNFkI/AAAAAAAAAxQ/03yzH3tvEiY/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1a%2BViolin.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5647169164587898434" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 116 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(To be continued...)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3276175892880987198?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3276175892880987198/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/09/have-we-two-brains-4.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3276175892880987198'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3276175892880987198'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/09/have-we-two-brains-4.html' title='Have We Two Brains? (4)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AKkyUb4J2_k/Tl6jmNXkKQI/AAAAAAAAAwQ/1c-NjbQPqsY/s72-c/cerebro%2BDividido.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6544384907227388872</id><published>2011-08-05T12:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T09:23:43.902-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Have We Two Brains? (3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ftcATXu775U/TjStgqCbPpI/AAAAAAAAArA/BP53K8dypFo/s1600/Split%2BBrain%2BCartoon.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 225px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635319810299215506" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ftcATXu775U/TjStgqCbPpI/AAAAAAAAArA/BP53K8dypFo/s320/Split%2BBrain%2BCartoon.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/08/tenemos-dos-cerebros-31.html"&gt;Español &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/08/temos-dois-cerebros-3.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Is There One ‘Left-Brain’ &amp;amp; &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Another &lt;/span&gt;‘Right-Brain’?” (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 60s, Studying the “Split Brain&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt; Alive&lt;/span&gt;”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Until the 1960s&lt;/strong&gt;, methods for observing the dominant role of the left hemisphere in language use and processing (lateralisation of language) &lt;strong&gt;were based on studies &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;postmortem&lt;/span&gt; of patients with brain lesions&lt;/strong&gt;. Some neurologists nevertheless claimed that &lt;strong&gt;language might &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;not be entirely&lt;/span&gt; a left hemisphere function&lt;/strong&gt; in that it was impossible to conclude no role for the right hemisphere on the basis of lack of lesions there among those who had had language impairments. Lesions only on the left side &lt;strong&gt;could be random.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r7XrqfCdIus/TjStA8Xr0fI/AAAAAAAAAqw/liehI_3qlyQ/s1600/split%2BBrain.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 279px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635319265464406514" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r7XrqfCdIus/TjStA8Xr0fI/AAAAAAAAAqw/liehI_3qlyQ/s320/split%2BBrain.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The pertinence of this intuition was underlined by studies carried out on &lt;strong&gt;“split-brain”&lt;/strong&gt; patients.&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Z00LPkVF8_E/TjS03oRS72I/AAAAAAAAArg/_2QTL_9JxPo/s1600/Cirugia%2BCerebral2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 303px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635327901543100258" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Z00LPkVF8_E/TjS03oRS72I/AAAAAAAAArg/_2QTL_9JxPo/s320/Cirugia%2BCerebral2.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"&gt;The corpus callosum&lt;/a&gt; of these patients was &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;severed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in order to stop epileptic attacks from one hemisphere to the other.&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xCJ8Gz0lVUU/TjStxz3NhuI/AAAAAAAAArI/t4sw-I7xQXQ/s1600/Cerebro%2By%2BCraneo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 274px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635320104994309858" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xCJ8Gz0lVUU/TjStxz3NhuI/AAAAAAAAArI/t4sw-I7xQXQ/s320/Cerebro%2By%2BCraneo.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;While the primary goal of the operation was to reduce epileptic fits, it also allowed researchers to study the role of each hemisphere on these patients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mdNwDSFVux0/TjbDsN51mBI/AAAAAAAAArw/OI6eiV3JMRc/s1600/Roger%2BSperry.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 202px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 275px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635907148114663442" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mdNwDSFVux0/TjbDsN51mBI/AAAAAAAAArw/OI6eiV3JMRc/s320/Roger%2BSperry.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The first such studies were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s, with &lt;strong&gt;Medicine Nobel Prize winner &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry"&gt;Roger Sperry&lt;/a&gt; and his team from the California Institute of Technology&lt;/strong&gt; playing a dominant role.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K8TR9UBeriM/TjbJRT6GH3I/AAAAAAAAAsA/9V4kqdzOI0E/s1600/Toching%2Bsplitbrain.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 263px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635913282939658098" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K8TR9UBeriM/TjbJRT6GH3I/AAAAAAAAAsA/9V4kqdzOI0E/s320/Toching%2Bsplitbrain.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They succeeded in supplying information to a single hemisphere in their “split-brain” patients and asked them to use each hand separately &lt;strong&gt;to identify objects &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;without looking &lt;/span&gt;at them.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntlfBcCHagM/TjxFSUxwdTI/AAAAAAAAAsY/0JkT6OXacU0/s1600/eyes.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 112px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 260px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637457014678385970" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntlfBcCHagM/TjxFSUxwdTI/AAAAAAAAAsY/0JkT6OXacU0/s320/eyes.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XmsIZYu_Tq8/TjbHWD5hcgI/AAAAAAAAAr4/vyhQh3hzGCY/s1600/Vision%2Bdel%2BCerebro%2B%2BDividido.JPG"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This experimental protocol built on the fact that basic sensory and motor functions are symmetrically divided between the two hemispheres of the brain - &lt;strong&gt;the left hemisphere receives almost all sensory information from and controls movements to the right part of the body and &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;vice versa&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--qM_dtRK_XA/TjxMaQFBqXI/AAAAAAAAAso/oW6kQatcujY/s1600/Split%2Bbrain%2BEnglish.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 272px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637464847437375858" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--qM_dtRK_XA/TjxMaQFBqXI/AAAAAAAAAso/oW6kQatcujY/s320/Split%2Bbrain%2BEnglish.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sensory information from the right hand is received in the left hemisphere and that from the left hand in the right hemisphere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When patients touched an object with their right hand, they could easily name the object &lt;strong&gt;but &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; when they touched it with the left hand&lt;/strong&gt;. Here was proof that the left hemisphere is the seat of principal language functions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OvmWMW6IEBY/Tkuf7yscXmI/AAAAAAAAAwI/20ld5zp9TpA/s1600/Language%2BAreas.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 243px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OvmWMW6IEBY/Tkuf7yscXmI/AAAAAAAAAwI/20ld5zp9TpA/s320/Language%2BAreas.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5641778807780957794" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This unequal localisation of language functions created the idea of the left hemisphere as the verbal one and the right hemisphere as the non-verbal one. &lt;strong&gt;Since language has often been perceived as the noblest function of the human species, the left hemisphere was declared “&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Dominant"&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QBbLMw1tGtA/TjyiyheESaI/AAAAAAAAAtI/OqccrzJaUCI/s1600/Split%2BBrain.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 244px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637559822422657442" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QBbLMw1tGtA/TjyiyheESaI/AAAAAAAAAtI/OqccrzJaUCI/s320/Split%2BBrain.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Other experiments with the same type of patients helped to clarify the role of the right hemisphere. A video made by Sperry and Gazzaniga about &lt;strong&gt;the split-brain patient&lt;/strong&gt; W.J. gives a surprising demonstration of the superiority of the right hemisphere for spatial vision. The patient was given several dice, each with two red sides, two white sides, and two sides with alternating white and red diagonal stripes. The task of the patient was to arrange the dice according to patterns presented on cards. The beginning of the video shows W.J. quickly arranging the dice in the required pattern using his left hand (controlled, remember, by the right hemisphere). He had great difficulty, however, completing the same task using his right hand – he was slow and moved the dice indecisively. Once his left hand intervenes, he became quick and precise but when the researchers hold it back he again became indecisive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hPvmBBGvN8k/TkZlonrEdKI/AAAAAAAAAvw/PFqbkGloshA/s1600/Commissurotomize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 263px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hPvmBBGvN8k/TkZlonrEdKI/AAAAAAAAAvw/PFqbkGloshA/s320/Commissurotomize.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640307331846927522" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Other research by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry"&gt;Roger Sperry&lt;/a&gt; et al. (1969) confirmed the domination of the right hemisphere in spatial vision. This role was then confirmed by clinical case studies. Patients suffering from lesions in the right hemisphere were not able to recognise familiar faces; other patients had difficulty with spatial orientation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some patients with lesions in the right hemisphere have shown defects in identifying the emotional intonation of words and in recognising emotional facial expressions. Behavioural studies back up the clinical studies: &lt;strong&gt;speech rhythms are best perceived when the sounds are received by the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;left ear&lt;/span&gt; so that the information goes to the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;right hemisphere&lt;/span&gt; and images seen by the left visual field provoke greater emotional reaction.&lt;/strong&gt; It was deduced from this that the right hemisphere was also specialised in the processes related to emotions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hRXG1oFWKMQ/TjStLTWRiVI/AAAAAAAAAq4/bW3hRlWrJ6M/s1600/Task%2Bin%2BSplit%2BBrain.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 291px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635319443431197010" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hRXG1oFWKMQ/TjStLTWRiVI/AAAAAAAAAq4/bW3hRlWrJ6M/s320/Task%2Bin%2BSplit%2BBrain.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 115 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(To be continued...)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6544384907227388872?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6544384907227388872/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/08/have-we-two-brains-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6544384907227388872'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6544384907227388872'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/08/have-we-two-brains-3.html' title='Have We Two Brains? (3)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ftcATXu775U/TjStgqCbPpI/AAAAAAAAArA/BP53K8dypFo/s72-c/Split%2BBrain%2BCartoon.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5132398263349461280</id><published>2011-07-24T06:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-05T09:22:42.598-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Have We Two Brains? (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--20Z_fKRmeE/TiMxY9FhP0I/AAAAAAAAApI/s99XokA3spA/s1600/M%25C3%25A8dico%2BS%2BXIX.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 266px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--20Z_fKRmeE/TiMxY9FhP0I/AAAAAAAAApI/s99XokA3spA/s320/M%25C3%25A8dico%2BS%2BXIX.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630398263927586626" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/07/tenemos-dos-cerebros-3.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/07/temos-dois-cerebros-2.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt; &lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Is There One ‘Left-Brain’ &amp;amp; &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Another &lt;/span&gt;‘Right-Brain’?” (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Myth that Began in the &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;19th Century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This “left brain/right brain” opposition originated in the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;First&lt;/span&gt; neurophysiology research&lt;/strong&gt;. Intellectual capacities were often then described in two classes: critical and analytical aptitudes, &lt;strong&gt;on the one hand,&lt;/strong&gt; and creative and synthetic aptitudes, &lt;strong&gt;on the other.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zjs5aiJV0ew/TiMxzh-72tI/AAAAAAAAApQ/WIU6U9_I5Qs/s1600/New%2BView%2BOf%2BInsanity.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zjs5aiJV0ew/TiMxzh-72tI/AAAAAAAAApQ/WIU6U9_I5Qs/s320/New%2BView%2BOf%2BInsanity.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630398720508680914" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;One of the major doctrines of neurophysiology from the 19th century associated &lt;strong&gt;each class&lt;/strong&gt; to a hemisphere. In &lt;strong&gt;1844&lt;/strong&gt;, Arthur Ladbroke Wigan published &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books/about/A_new_view_of_insanity.html?id=HTvFWWVt_bcC"&gt;A New View of Insanity: Duality of the Mind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;He describes&lt;/strong&gt; the two hemispheres of the brain as independent, and &lt;strong&gt;attributes&lt;/strong&gt; to each one its own will and way of thinking: they usually work together but in some diseases they can work against each other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XpsG341xd6U/TiMx-7xXWiI/AAAAAAAAApY/uvj1rHuQEDM/s1600/Dr%2BJekyll%2B%2526%2BMr%2BHyde.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 296px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XpsG341xd6U/TiMx-7xXWiI/AAAAAAAAApY/uvj1rHuQEDM/s320/Dr%2BJekyll%2B%2526%2BMr%2BHyde.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630398916409645602" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This idea caught the imagination with the publication of Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/a&gt;in &lt;strong&gt;1866&lt;/strong&gt; which &lt;strong&gt;exploits the idea&lt;/strong&gt; of a cultivated left hemisphere that opposes a primitive and emotional right hemisphere, which easily loses all control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSYGcOpcask/TiNE9Ws4xQI/AAAAAAAAApw/rV-TiALvB1Q/s1600/Autopsia%2BSiglo%2BXIX%2BSimonet.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 191px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSYGcOpcask/TiNE9Ws4xQI/AAAAAAAAApw/rV-TiALvB1Q/s320/Autopsia%2BSiglo%2BXIX%2BSimonet.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630419779999810818" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca"&gt;Paul Broca&lt;/a&gt;, a French neurologist, went beyond fiction to localise different roles in the two hemispheres. In the &lt;strong&gt;1860s&lt;/strong&gt;, he examined &lt;strong&gt;postmortem&lt;/strong&gt; the brains of more than 20 patients whose language functions had been impaired. &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Dxe2dhGDVI/TiNEnxjiZ3I/AAAAAAAAApo/tkaGVs6AntA/s1600/Autopsia%2BCerebro%2Bantigua.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 265px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--Dxe2dhGDVI/TiNEnxjiZ3I/AAAAAAAAApo/tkaGVs6AntA/s320/Autopsia%2BCerebro%2Bantigua.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630419409251231602" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In all the brains examined, he noticed lesions in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, whereas the right hemisphere was still intact. &lt;strong&gt;He concluded that the &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;Production&lt;/span&gt; of spoken language&lt;/strong&gt; had to be located in the &lt;strong&gt;front part of the left hemisphere&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T-AnhCCLevM/TiNFxEwfL0I/AAAAAAAAAp4/Lmryo46rBj8/s1600/Autopsias%2BCerebral.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 184px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T-AnhCCLevM/TiNFxEwfL0I/AAAAAAAAAp4/Lmryo46rBj8/s320/Autopsias%2BCerebral.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630420668536270658" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This was completed a few years later, by the German neurologist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wernicke"&gt;Carl Wernicke &lt;/a&gt;who also examined &lt;strong&gt;postmortem&lt;/strong&gt; brains of those who had had language development disorders; he &lt;strong&gt;suggested that the capacity to &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;Understand&lt;/span&gt; language&lt;/strong&gt; is situated in the &lt;strong&gt;temporal lobe of the left hemisphere.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_H6LpfQtlnE/TiNG_JcN9VI/AAAAAAAAAqI/TQmPK7lyZT8/s1600/Brain%2BPost-mortem.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 225px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_H6LpfQtlnE/TiNG_JcN9VI/AAAAAAAAAqI/TQmPK7lyZT8/s320/Brain%2BPost-mortem.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630422009823229266" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Thus, Broca and Wernicke associated the &lt;strong&gt;same hemisphere of the brain, the left&lt;/strong&gt;, to two essential components of processing language – comprehension and oral production.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VhSZEXlW7ro/TiNH2vP4sbI/AAAAAAAAAqY/WMZHPhUoCVg/s1600/Autopsia%2Bde%2BCerebro.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VhSZEXlW7ro/TiNH2vP4sbI/AAAAAAAAAqY/WMZHPhUoCVg/s320/Autopsia%2Bde%2BCerebro.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630422964864856498" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Brain Autopsy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QTOMRruUFzQ/TiNIfpvmjAI/AAAAAAAAAqg/e5IxQprirvU/s1600/Language%2BBrain.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 207px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QTOMRruUFzQ/TiNIfpvmjAI/AAAAAAAAAqg/e5IxQprirvU/s320/Language%2BBrain.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630423667761908738" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Diagram of the Left Cerebral Hemisphere&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-adRawYqY15s/TiYKHq1CHoI/AAAAAAAAAqo/BPFDAvBcesA/s1600/Cerebro%2BFoto.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 309px; height: 267px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-adRawYqY15s/TiYKHq1CHoI/AAAAAAAAAqo/BPFDAvBcesA/s320/Cerebro%2BFoto.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5631199510945472130" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Photograph of the Left Hemisphere "Normal"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-irC-_0WZZes/TiNHv9ZgmSI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/e8kHI-eyhyg/s1600/Cerebro%2Bde%2BBroca.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 185px; height: 129px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-irC-_0WZZes/TiNHv9ZgmSI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/e8kHI-eyhyg/s320/Cerebro%2Bde%2BBroca.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630422848404232482" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Photograph of the Left Hemisphere "With the Damaged Broca's Area"&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ5rjdTRWgg/TkSc9yDq7pI/AAAAAAAAAvg/V0MBXKpPJY0/s1600/Area%2Bde%2BBroca%2BCartoon.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 245px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ5rjdTRWgg/TkSc9yDq7pI/AAAAAAAAAvg/V0MBXKpPJY0/s320/Area%2Bde%2BBroca%2BCartoon.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639805218597826194" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 114, 115  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(To be continued...)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5132398263349461280?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5132398263349461280/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/07/have-we-two-brains-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5132398263349461280'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5132398263349461280'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/07/have-we-two-brains-2.html' title='Have We Two Brains? (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--20Z_fKRmeE/TiMxY9FhP0I/AAAAAAAAApI/s99XokA3spA/s72-c/M%25C3%25A8dico%2BS%2BXIX.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1743760244292723401</id><published>2011-07-16T19:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-24T06:53:01.827-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Have We Two Brains? (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w8BYLgoVihI/Th2ot0tfGFI/AAAAAAAAAnI/N1FuEp6WnTs/s1600/Cerebro%2BDerecho%2Be%2BIzquierdo.png"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628840614479992914" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w8BYLgoVihI/Th2ot0tfGFI/AAAAAAAAAnI/N1FuEp6WnTs/s320/Cerebro%2BDerecho%2Be%2BIzquierdo.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/07/tenemos-dos-cerebros-1.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/07/existe-um-cerebro-esquerdo-e-outro.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Is There One ‘Left-Brain’ &amp;amp; &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Another &lt;/span&gt;‘Right-Brain’?” (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two Brain Hemispheres &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Very Good&lt;/span&gt; Connected&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;The brain is made up of neuronal networks, it has functional areas that interact among themselves, and it is composed of &lt;strong&gt;Left and a Right &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Hemispheres&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Each hemisphere&lt;/span&gt; is more specialised in certain fields&lt;/strong&gt; than in others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TwcGpL-HXgw/Th2qexu9qrI/AAAAAAAAAnQ/2-ScyeXOEPI/s1600/Hemisferios%2BDerecho%2By%2BIzquierdo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628842555006102194" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TwcGpL-HXgw/Th2qexu9qrI/AAAAAAAAAnQ/2-ScyeXOEPI/s320/Hemisferios%2BDerecho%2By%2BIzquierdo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Do these facts justify the &lt;strong&gt;strange statements&lt;/strong&gt; to be heard in everyday life, such as: “me, I’m more &lt;strong&gt;“Left-&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Brained”&lt;/span&gt;”?&lt;/strong&gt; or “women have a more developed &lt;strong&gt;“Right&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt; Brain&lt;/span&gt;”&lt;/strong&gt;?”, &lt;strong&gt;Is there really a right “&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;brain&lt;/span&gt;” and a left “&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;brain&lt;/span&gt;”?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MYS6W4rI7JE/Th2wcF8jAvI/AAAAAAAAAng/2TkeHYJMhUM/s1600/Brain%2BAsymetric%2BCartoon.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628849105961943794" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 259px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MYS6W4rI7JE/Th2wcF8jAvI/AAAAAAAAAng/2TkeHYJMhUM/s320/Brain%2BAsymetric%2BCartoon.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A rapid overview of the origin of these terms &lt;strong&gt;is needed&lt;/strong&gt; to determine whether they correspond to facts, or if &lt;strong&gt;it is again a matter of &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;questionable extrapolations&lt;/span&gt; of scientific data.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum"&gt;Corpus Callosum&lt;/a&gt; Connects the Two Haves of the Brain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZnTBrCXQAU8/Th2yt_mLbwI/AAAAAAAAAno/KmZVhRHEi3s/s1600/Cuerpo%2BCalloso%2BTransversal.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628851612518412034" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 256px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZnTBrCXQAU8/Th2yt_mLbwI/AAAAAAAAAno/KmZVhRHEi3s/s320/Cuerpo%2BCalloso%2BTransversal.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;But to begin with, it needs to be underlined that the two hemispheres &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;are not&lt;/span&gt; separate functional and anatomic entities: nerve structures &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;connect&lt;/span&gt; them together (the &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Corpus Callosum&lt;/span&gt;) and many neurons have their cell nucleus in one hemisphere and extensions in the other.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fyWMDfF8Y90/Th2vsd59_TI/AAAAAAAAAnY/o48I2ZtTlfA/s1600/Cuerpo%2BCalloso.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628848287759858994" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 281px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fyWMDfF8Y90/Th2vsd59_TI/AAAAAAAAAnY/o48I2ZtTlfA/s320/Cuerpo%2BCalloso.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FnRnlSI9qb8/Th2-cfwMJxI/AAAAAAAAAow/ho8Ic7K7EIQ/s1600/Decusacion%2BNeuronal%2BOptica.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628864506052224786" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 220px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 236px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FnRnlSI9qb8/Th2-cfwMJxI/AAAAAAAAAow/ho8Ic7K7EIQ/s320/Decusacion%2BNeuronal%2BOptica.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SiQco3shEMs/Th28Aj6T-2I/AAAAAAAAAoo/nfFr5zvBq-Y/s1600/Neuronas%2BCruzadas.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628861827108830050" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 226px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SiQco3shEMs/Th28Aj6T-2I/AAAAAAAAAoo/nfFr5zvBq-Y/s320/Neuronas%2BCruzadas.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This alone should prompt &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;reflection&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lateralization of Brain Function:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fN9znPlY21Q/Th2zcqe5iSI/AAAAAAAAAnw/MilhoQZaQJs/s1600/Funciones%2BHemisferios%2BCerebrales.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628852414304586018" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 282px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fN9znPlY21Q/Th2zcqe5iSI/AAAAAAAAAnw/MilhoQZaQJs/s320/Funciones%2BHemisferios%2BCerebrales.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;It has been said that the &lt;strong&gt;“Left &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Brain&lt;/span&gt;”&lt;/strong&gt; is the seat of rational thinking, intellectual thinking, analysis, and speech. It also processes numerical information deductively or logically. It dissects the information by analysing, distinguishing, and structuring the parts of a whole, by linearly arranging the data. &lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkUng7P1NPU/Th2z1jRjxMI/AAAAAAAAAn4/JpcvGmLTPHY/s1600/Usando%2BHemisferio%2BIzquierdo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628852841866314946" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 256px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkUng7P1NPU/Th2z1jRjxMI/AAAAAAAAAn4/JpcvGmLTPHY/s320/Usando%2BHemisferio%2BIzquierdo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;left hemisphere&lt;/strong&gt; is the best equipped to deal with tasks related to language (writing and reading), algebra, mathematic problem-solving, logical operations. Thus, &lt;strong&gt;it &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;can be believed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that people who are rational, intellectual, logical, and have a good analytical sense &lt;strong&gt;“Preferentially Use their ‘Left&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Brain&lt;/span&gt;’”&lt;/strong&gt; and tend to be mathematicians, engineers, and researchers”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YwqDvpErsjo/Th20sVFWMeI/AAAAAAAAAoA/n43CUicgBHs/s1600/Left%2B%2526%2BRight%2BBrain%2BFuntions.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628853782949802466" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 278px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YwqDvpErsjo/Th20sVFWMeI/AAAAAAAAAoA/n43CUicgBHs/s320/Left%2B%2526%2BRight%2BBrain%2BFuntions.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;“Right&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt; Brain”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; has been called the seat of intuition, emotion, non-verbal thinking, synthetic thinking, which allows representations in space, creation, and emotions. It tends to synthesise, recreates three-dimensional forms, notices similarities rather than differences, and understands complex configurations. It recognises faces and perceives spaces. &lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AUMbgCMtoNQ/Th21uYIX-iI/AAAAAAAAAoI/7flQ2WvNPgM/s1600/usando%2BHemisferio%2BDerecho.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628854917639174690" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 256px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AUMbgCMtoNQ/Th21uYIX-iI/AAAAAAAAAoI/7flQ2WvNPgM/s320/usando%2BHemisferio%2BDerecho.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;From this stems the &lt;strong&gt;Complementary &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Myth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that people who are intuitive, emotional, imaginative, and easily find their way around, &lt;strong&gt;“Preferentially Use their ‘Right &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;Brain&lt;/span&gt;’”&lt;/strong&gt; and engage in the artistic and creative professions”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t4_DcXDVbyU/Th23ktHgMgI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/J4o86O8U4Dk/s1600/Left%2B%2526%2BRight%2BBrain1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628856950497227266" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 366px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 278px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t4_DcXDVbyU/Th23ktHgMgI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/J4o86O8U4Dk/s320/Left%2B%2526%2BRight%2BBrain1.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, despite the relative location of highest cerebral functions in the brain, it is always necessary to remember that this is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;One Brain&lt;/span&gt; with Two Hemispheres that are usually &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(153,0,0)"&gt;very well connected&lt;/span&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WNyG2qls1O4/Th26Pvg2kyI/AAAAAAAAAoY/SH6TT4icHu4/s1600/Corpus%2BCallosum%2B3D%2B.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628859888898052898" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 284px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WNyG2qls1O4/Th26Pvg2kyI/AAAAAAAAAoY/SH6TT4icHu4/s320/Corpus%2BCallosum%2B3D%2B.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a3T-Ctn6EzM/Th27zJMUgFI/AAAAAAAAAog/J_jXQc0S5pw/s1600/callosum.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628861596598304850" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 318px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a3T-Ctn6EzM/Th27zJMUgFI/AAAAAAAAAog/J_jXQc0S5pw/s320/callosum.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2-D images of the Corpus Callosum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 114 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(To be continued...)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1743760244292723401?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1743760244292723401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/07/is-there-one-left-brain-another-right.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1743760244292723401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1743760244292723401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/07/is-there-one-left-brain-another-right.html' title='Have We Two Brains? (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w8BYLgoVihI/Th2ot0tfGFI/AAAAAAAAAnI/N1FuEp6WnTs/s72-c/Cerebro%2BDerecho%2Be%2BIzquierdo.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1328452210261442811</id><published>2011-05-11T03:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-22T08:37:17.648-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>The Brain Is 100% Active</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YYegpMwsRQM/TcfG6vbsC7I/AAAAAAAAAmE/lzSRYgMMjxU/s1600/Cerebro%2BHumano.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 271px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604666973753183154" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YYegpMwsRQM/TcfG6vbsC7I/AAAAAAAAAmE/lzSRYgMMjxU/s320/Cerebro%2BHumano.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/05/el-100-del-cerebro-esta-activo.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/05/o-100-do-cerebro-esta-activo.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Did We only Use 10% of our Brain? (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brain Is 100% Active!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Neuroscience findings now show that the brain is &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;100% active&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; In neurosurgery, when it is possible to observe the functions of the brain on patients under local anaesthetic, electric stimulations show no inactive areas, even when no movement, sensation, or emotion is being observed. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z38F8s3yeC0/TdD6RUjBc8I/AAAAAAAAAms/AxuBuObZdcc/s1600/Alzheimer.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z38F8s3yeC0/TdD6RUjBc8I/AAAAAAAAAms/AxuBuObZdcc/s320/Alzheimer.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5607256711556592578" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;No areas of the brain are completely inactive, even during sleep; &lt;strong&gt;if they were, it &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;would indicate&lt;/span&gt; a serious functional disorder.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l1s7xPYPLQY/TckaPRJlTKI/AAAAAAAAAmk/eSaxWN293oM/s1600/Polysonmography.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 257px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l1s7xPYPLQY/TckaPRJlTKI/AAAAAAAAAmk/eSaxWN293oM/s320/Polysonmography.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5605040060843248802" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Similarly, loss of very much less than 90% of brain tissue leads to serious consequences as no region of the brain can be damaged without causing physical or mental defects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y4IC7w-jwU8/TdGjLtx94bI/AAAAAAAAAm8/FBTQQarq3qc/s1600/Bala%2Ben%2Bcerebro%2Bde%2BS.%2BCaba%25C3%25B1as.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 250px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y4IC7w-jwU8/TdGjLtx94bI/AAAAAAAAAm8/FBTQQarq3qc/s320/Bala%2Ben%2Bcerebro%2Bde%2BS.%2BCaba%25C3%25B1as.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5607442432716038578" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The cases of people who have lived for years with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Caba%C3%B1as"&gt;a bullet lodged in the brain&lt;/a&gt; or similar trauma do not indicate &lt;strong&gt;“useless areas”. &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;If it is possible&lt;/span&gt; to completely recover from such a shock,&lt;/strong&gt; it is the demonstration of the brain’s extraordinary plasticity: neurons (or networks of neurons) have been able to replace those that were destroyed and in such cases the brain reconfigures itself to overcome the defect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-msxWu8ERu7g/TckZ0bjhq4I/AAAAAAAAAmc/RAfbWrwHJig/s1600/Cerebro%2By%2BArterias.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 247px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-msxWu8ERu7g/TckZ0bjhq4I/AAAAAAAAAmc/RAfbWrwHJig/s320/Cerebro%2By%2BArterias.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5605039599779949442" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The myth is implausible for physiological reasons, too. &lt;strong&gt;Evolution &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;does not&lt;/span&gt; allow waste&lt;/strong&gt; and the brain, like the other organs but probably more than any other, &lt;strong&gt;is moulded by natural selection.&lt;/strong&gt; It represents only 2% of the total weight of the human body but consumes 20% of available energy. With such high energy cost, evolution would not have allowed the development of an organ of which 90% is useless.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 113 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-88cTXsqbpPc/TdD8HLx7waI/AAAAAAAAAm0/f5fLA8z94r0/s1600/Early%2BHomo%2Bsapiens.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 311px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-88cTXsqbpPc/TdD8HLx7waI/AAAAAAAAAm0/f5fLA8z94r0/s320/Early%2BHomo%2Bsapiens.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5607258736427778466" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1328452210261442811?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1328452210261442811/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/05/brain-is-100-active.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1328452210261442811'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1328452210261442811'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/05/brain-is-100-active.html' title='The Brain Is 100% Active'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YYegpMwsRQM/TcfG6vbsC7I/AAAAAAAAAmE/lzSRYgMMjxU/s72-c/Cerebro%2BHumano.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-283381695933829849</id><published>2011-04-17T05:34:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-16T19:33:21.637-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Did We only Use 10% of our Brain? (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CBX9Itrpks/TarPn_-thmI/AAAAAAAAAlM/wdpEcRsRzj0/s1600/Est%25C3%25ADmulo%2BCerebral.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596513773057574498" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 312px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CBX9Itrpks/TarPn_-thmI/AAAAAAAAAlM/wdpEcRsRzj0/s320/Est%25C3%25ADmulo%2BCerebral.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/04/solo-usamos-el-10-del-cerebro-2.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/04/so-usamos-10-do-cerebro-2.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Did We only Use 10% of our Brain? (2) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 10% of Brain's Cells Are Neurons&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The primary areas are surrounded by secondary areas, so that, for example, information from images perceived by the eye is sent to the primary visual areas, and then is analysed in the secondary visual areas where the three-dimensional reconstitution of the perceived objects takes place. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ht8iG0Zy5yQ/TcZvILjbk9I/AAAAAAAAAl8/6ExchwuH7Lc/s1600/Brain%2BLabeled%255B1%255D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 192px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ht8iG0Zy5yQ/TcZvILjbk9I/AAAAAAAAAl8/6ExchwuH7Lc/s320/Brain%2BLabeled%255B1%255D.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604288972640195538" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Information from the memory of the subject circulate in the brain to recognise objects, while semantic information from language areas comes into play so that the person can quickly name the object seen. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S6ur8g836Ww/Ta-HgWDTPQI/AAAAAAAAAls/i78gjQra6P8/s1600/Brain%2Bareas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S6ur8g836Ww/Ta-HgWDTPQI/AAAAAAAAAls/i78gjQra6P8/s320/Brain%2Bareas.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597841851589803266" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; At the same time, the brain areas that deal with posture and movement are in action under the effect of nerve signals from the entire body, allowing the person to know whether (s)he is sitting or standing, with the head turned to the right or the left, etc. .&lt;strong&gt; Therefore, &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;a partial, fragmented description&lt;/span&gt; of the areas of the brain can lead to a &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;misinterpretation&lt;/span&gt; of how it works.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The 10% of Neural Brain's Cells Are Neurons&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tSeDLYWxOjQ/TarT_VZfutI/AAAAAAAAAlk/yLfx3BZexsk/s1600/Neuronas%2By%2BNeuroglias.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596518571990563538" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 226px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tSeDLYWxOjQ/TarT_VZfutI/AAAAAAAAAlk/yLfx3BZexsk/s320/Neuronas%2By%2BNeuroglias.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Another origin of the myth may be found in the fact that &lt;strong&gt;the brain is made up of ten glial cells (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell"&gt;neuroglia&lt;/a&gt;) for every neuron.&lt;/strong&gt; Glial cells have a nutritional role and support nerve cells, but they do not transmit any information. In terms of transmission of nerve impulses only the neurons are recruited (or 10% of the cells comprising the brain) so that this offers a further source of misunderstanding on which the “10% myth” might come. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3FALHYwTjmE/TarSrrxHSbI/AAAAAAAAAlc/RZM3DFun8Y4/s1600/Neuroglias.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596517134886193586" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 201px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3FALHYwTjmE/TarSrrxHSbI/AAAAAAAAAlc/RZM3DFun8Y4/s320/Neuroglias.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;But this vision of cell functions is simplistic: while the glial cells play a different role from that of the neurons, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;they Are No Less&lt;/span&gt; essential&lt;/strong&gt; to the functioning of the whole.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 113 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-283381695933829849?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/283381695933829849/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/04/did-we-only-use-10-of-our-brain-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/283381695933829849'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/283381695933829849'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/04/did-we-only-use-10-of-our-brain-2.html' title='Did We only Use 10% of our Brain? (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--CBX9Itrpks/TarPn_-thmI/AAAAAAAAAlM/wdpEcRsRzj0/s72-c/Est%25C3%25ADmulo%2BCerebral.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3375615530822022945</id><published>2011-03-27T11:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T18:49:43.598-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Did We Only Use 10% of our Brain?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mNdEjX15b5I/TY9l7JuyQKI/AAAAAAAAAkk/yflnvAxwzpI/s1600/Cerebro%2BIluminado.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 244px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mNdEjX15b5I/TY9l7JuyQKI/AAAAAAAAAkk/yflnvAxwzpI/s320/Cerebro%2BIluminado.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588797729488912546" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/03/solo-utilizamos-el-10-del-cerebro.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/03/so-usamos-10-do-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did We only Use 10% of our Brain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is often said that humans only use 10% (sometimes 20%) of their brain. Where did this myth come from? Some say it came from Einstein, who responded once during an interview that he only used 10% of his brain. &lt;strong&gt;Early research on the brain may have supported this myth&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u8jtmCQsrV8/TY9txw3hbEI/AAAAAAAAAk8/pRJeMYMvXEs/s1600/electrochoques.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u8jtmCQsrV8/TY9txw3hbEI/AAAAAAAAAk8/pRJeMYMvXEs/s320/electrochoques.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588806364288871490" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the 1930s&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lashley"&gt;Karl Lashley&lt;/a&gt; explored the brain using &lt;strong&gt;electric shocks&lt;/strong&gt;. As many areas of the brain did not react to these shocks, Lashley concluded that these areas had no function. This is how the term “silent cortex” came into circulation. This theory is now judged to be incorrect. Dubious interpretations of the brain’s functioning have also fuelled this myth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fx_uiE5DBKo/TY9vfY3GL5I/AAAAAAAAAlE/YU_QJhd5JRk/s1600/Tomografia%2BPositrones.png"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 234px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fx_uiE5DBKo/TY9vfY3GL5I/AAAAAAAAAlE/YU_QJhd5JRk/s320/Tomografia%2BPositrones.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588808247630245778" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Today&lt;/strong&gt;, thanks to imaging techniques, the brain can be precisely described in functional areas. Each sense corresponds to one or several primary functional areas: a primary visual area, which receives information perceived by the eye; a primary auditory area, which receives information perceived by the ear, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k1orjyT_kp4/TY9nBw7IcqI/AAAAAAAAAk0/MMQFgXYvUn4/s1600/Areas%2By%2BCentros%2Bdel%2BCerebro.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 225px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k1orjyT_kp4/TY9nBw7IcqI/AAAAAAAAAk0/MMQFgXYvUn4/s320/Areas%2By%2BCentros%2Bdel%2BCerebro.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588798942600524450" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Several regions are linked to the production and comprehension of language. They are sometimes described separately by physiologists, and the public which remembers these partial descriptions &lt;strong&gt;may gain the &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;impression &lt;/span&gt;that the brain functions area by area.&lt;/strong&gt; This would be consistent with the image that, at any one moment, only a small region of the brain is active &lt;strong&gt;but this is &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;not &lt;/span&gt;what occurs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mYVpfZfJijY/TY9mIafWPNI/AAAAAAAAAks/ru_eSwJHvlQ/s1600/Brain%2BPower.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mYVpfZfJijY/TY9mIafWPNI/AAAAAAAAAks/ru_eSwJHvlQ/s320/Brain%2BPower.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588797957325864146" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 113 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3375615530822022945?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3375615530822022945/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/03/did-we-only-use-10-of-our-brain.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3375615530822022945'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3375615530822022945'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/03/did-we-only-use-10-of-our-brain.html' title='Did We Only Use 10% of our Brain?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mNdEjX15b5I/TY9l7JuyQKI/AAAAAAAAAkk/yflnvAxwzpI/s72-c/Cerebro%2BIluminado.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1814772134669032432</id><published>2011-02-02T04:00:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-04-20T17:51:32.080-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>In The Man There Are NOT Critical Periods To Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUWxGaM8uFI/AAAAAAAAAj4/0GopL58Y8PU/s1600/Lorenz%2BImpronta%2B2.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568051237984450642" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 209px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUWxGaM8uFI/AAAAAAAAAj4/0GopL58Y8PU/s320/Lorenz%2BImpronta%2B2.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2011/01/en-el-hombre-no-existen-periodos.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2011/01/existen-periodos-criticos-en-el.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Are There Critical Periods to Learning? (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Learning: The Birds Have &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Critical&lt;/span&gt; Periods, The Man Has &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Sensitive&lt;/span&gt; Periods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The concept of &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"Critical Period"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; dates back to experiments conducted in the 1970s by the ethologist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz"&gt;Konrad Lorenz&lt;/a&gt; which are relatively well-known by the general public.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He observed that fedglings on hatching became permanently attached to the prominent mobile object of the environment, usually their mother, which attachment Lorenz named as “Imprinting”. By taking the place of the mother, Lorenz managed to become attached to fledglings which followed him everywhere. The period that allows this attachment is very short (right after &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/hatch_1"&gt;hatching&lt;/a&gt;); once in place, it was impossible to change the attachment object and the fledglings permanently followed the substitute instead of their mother. The term &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Critical Period”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is appropriate for such a case as an event (or its absence) during a specific period brings about an irreversible situation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUWxOqav7nI/AAAAAAAAAkA/UAWeRdWfTgY/s1600/Evoluci%25C3%25B3n%2BAnimal%2BComparada.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568051379776253554" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 190px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUWxOqav7nI/AAAAAAAAAkA/UAWeRdWfTgY/s320/Evoluci%25C3%25B3n%2BAnimal%2BComparada.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The acquisition of skills results from training and the strengthening of certain connections, but also from pruning certain others. &lt;strong&gt;There is a distinction that needs to be drawn between two types of synaptogenesis&lt;/strong&gt; – the one that occurs naturally early in life and the other resulting from exposure to complex environments throughout the lifespan. Researchers refer to the first as “Experience-Expectant Learning” and to the second as “Experience-Dependent Learning”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grammar is learned faster and easier up to approximately age 16, while the capacity to enrich vocabulary actually improves throughout the lifespan (Neville, 2000).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW34rY6B2I/AAAAAAAAAkI/s6tRht9q2x8/s1600/Aprender%2Ba%2BHablar.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568058698661234530" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 245px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW34rY6B2I/AAAAAAAAAkI/s6tRht9q2x8/s320/Aprender%2Ba%2BHablar.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Grammar gives an example of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;sensitive-period learning and is experience-expectant:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for learning to be done without excessive difficulty, it must ideally take place in a given lapse of time (the sensitive period). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Experience-Expectant Learning is thus optimal during certain periods of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW6Bf5Hb1I/AAAAAAAAAkQ/ChtjZFeY5l4/s1600/Revisando%2BLibros%2Ben%2BCasa.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568061049217183570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 305px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW6Bf5Hb1I/AAAAAAAAAkQ/ChtjZFeY5l4/s320/Revisando%2BLibros%2Ben%2BCasa.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Learning that does not depend on a sensitive period, such as the acquisition of vocabulary, is “Experience-Dependent”: when the learning best takes place is not constrained by age or time and this type of learning can even improve as the years go by.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are there &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;“Critical Periods”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; as unique phases during which certain types of learning can &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; successfully take place? Can certain skills or even knowledge &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; be acquired during relatively short “windows of opportunity” which then close once-and-for-all at a precise stage of brain development?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW8T6Rp_0I/AAAAAAAAAkY/VGqCfS-YPQs/s1600/Abuelas%2B%2526%2BLaptop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568063564560334658" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 225px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUW8T6Rp_0I/AAAAAAAAAkY/VGqCfS-YPQs/s320/Abuelas%2B%2526%2BLaptop.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 113 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1814772134669032432?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1814772134669032432/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-man-there-are-not-critical-periods.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1814772134669032432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1814772134669032432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-man-there-are-not-critical-periods.html' title='In The Man There Are NOT Critical Periods To Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TUWxGaM8uFI/AAAAAAAAAj4/0GopL58Y8PU/s72-c/Lorenz%2BImpronta%2B2.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7173892882158818901</id><published>2010-12-12T08:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-27T16:27:52.706-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>When Certain Matters Must be Learnt?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPMKPHKlI/AAAAAAAAAjE/_Hz_roH_1Vw/s1600/Father%2B%2526%2BSon%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 215px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549858817384589906" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPMKPHKlI/AAAAAAAAAjE/_Hz_roH_1Vw/s320/Father%2B%2526%2BSon%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/12/existen-periodos-criticos-en-el.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/12/ha-periodos-criticos-no-aprendizado-1.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Are There Critical Periods to Learning? (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When Certain Matters Must be Taught and Learnt?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;The influence of the intense synaptogenesis early in life on the adult brain is not yet known, but it is known that adults are less capable of learning certain things. Anyone who starts to learn a foreign language later in life, for example, will in all likelihood always have a “foreign accent”; the virtuosity of a late learner of an instrument will in all probability never equal that of a child practised with the same musical instruction from the age of 5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does this mean that there are periods of life when certain tasks can no longer be learned? Or &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;are tasks merely learned more slowly or differently at different times?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPVUZ0KHI/AAAAAAAAAjM/i7Snm2y5ahs/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1a%2BTocando%2BViol%25C3%25ADn.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 316px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549858974732658802" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPVUZ0KHI/AAAAAAAAAjM/i7Snm2y5ahs/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1a%2BTocando%2BViol%25C3%25ADn.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For a long time it was believed that the brain loses neurons with age, but the measures opened by new technologies have challenged this certainty. Terry and his colleagues showed that the total number of neurons in each area of the cerebral cortex is not age-dependent but only the number of “large” neurons. Nerve cells shrink, resulting in a growing number of small neurons but the aggregate number of all neurons remains the same.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPcTM84UI/AAAAAAAAAjU/NLv54xtZbxU/s1600/Girl%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 220px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549859094669353282" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPcTM84UI/AAAAAAAAAjU/NLv54xtZbxU/s320/Girl%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Certain parts of the brain, like the hippocampus, have recently been found actually to generate new neurons throughout the lifespan. The hippocampus is, among other things, involved in spatial memory and navigation processes (Burgess and O’Keefe, 1996).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPhwu7VPI/AAAAAAAAAjc/i-WEYHecgio/s1600/Teen%2BPlaying.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549859188495832306" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPhwu7VPI/AAAAAAAAAjc/i-WEYHecgio/s320/Teen%2BPlaying.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Research comparing London taxi drivers with random other citizens suggests a strong relationship between the relative size and activation of the hippocampus, on the one hand, and a good capacity for navigation, on the other; there is a positive correlation between the enlargement of the auditory cortex and the development of musical talent, as there is growth of motor areas of the brain following intense training of finger movements. In the latter case, changes in the neuron network configuration linked to the learning could be measured using brain imaging from the fifth day of training, i.e. after an extremely brief period of learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPmHrRbiI/AAAAAAAAAjk/CcmL5eSN7_c/s1600/Adult%2BPlaying%2B%2BViolin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549859263373995554" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPmHrRbiI/AAAAAAAAAjk/CcmL5eSN7_c/s320/Adult%2BPlaying%2B%2BViolin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The processes that remodel the brain&lt;/strong&gt; – neuron synaptogenesis, pruning, development, and modification – &lt;strong&gt;are grouped together under the same term: “Brain Plasticity”.&lt;/strong&gt; Numerous studies have shown that the brain remained plastic throughout the lifespan, in terms of numbers of both neurons and synapses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 112 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPrfKBNUI/AAAAAAAAAjs/KOEp-QWTpww/s1600/Older%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 290px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549859355576317250" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPrfKBNUI/AAAAAAAAAjs/KOEp-QWTpww/s320/Older%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7173892882158818901?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7173892882158818901/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/12/there-are-critical-periods-to-learning.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7173892882158818901'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7173892882158818901'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/12/there-are-critical-periods-to-learning.html' title='When Certain Matters Must be Learnt?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TQUPMKPHKlI/AAAAAAAAAjE/_Hz_roH_1Vw/s72-c/Father%2B%2526%2BSon%2BPlaying%2BViolin.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1994458251851451691</id><published>2010-11-07T15:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-12T10:42:17.314-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Everything Important Is Decided By The Age of Three?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcUeW-NuyI/AAAAAAAAAhk/7OfgLLt0cvA/s1600/Ni%C3%B1o+Ajedrez.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536916778670471970" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 214px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcUeW-NuyI/AAAAAAAAAhk/7OfgLLt0cvA/s320/Ni%C3%B1o+Ajedrez.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/11/todo-se-decide-antes-de-los-tres-anos.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/11/tudo-o-importante-e-decidido-dentro-dos.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;There Is No Time to Lose!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;1st Neuromyths: "Everything &lt;/span&gt;Important About The Brain Is Decided &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;By The Age of Three&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;If you enter the keywords “birth to three” into a search engine on your computer, you get an impressive number of websites explaining that your child’s first three years are crucial for his/her future development and that practically &lt;strong&gt;everything&lt;/strong&gt; is decided at this age. You will also find numerous commercial products prepared to stimulate your young child’s intelligence, before reaching this all-important threshold age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcU24Rq3JI/AAAAAAAAAhs/NX5ilFRWyL8/s1600/Ni%C3%B1a+Usando+el+Abaco.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536917199927303314" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 178px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 173px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcU24Rq3JI/AAAAAAAAAhs/NX5ilFRWyL8/s320/Ni%C3%B1a+Usando+el+Abaco.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Some physiological phenomena that take place during brain development can, indeed, lead to beliefs that the critical learning stages occur between birth and age three. But it can be easily exaggerated and distorted. It takes on &lt;strong&gt;mythical status&lt;/strong&gt; when it is &lt;strong&gt;overused &lt;/strong&gt;by certain policy makers, educators, toy manufacturers, and parents, who overwhelm their children with gymnastics for newborns and stimulating music in tape recorders and CD players attached above the baby’s bed. &lt;strong&gt;What are the physiological phenomena that research has uncovered which are &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;relevant&lt;/span&gt; to this belief?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcVeO6E7xI/AAAAAAAAAh0/eqSLCNqEaU0/s1600/Estructura+Neuronal.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536917876017262354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 253px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcVeO6E7xI/AAAAAAAAAh0/eqSLCNqEaU0/s320/Estructura+Neuronal.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The basic component of information processing in the brain is the nerve cell or neuron. A human brain contains about 100 billion neurons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcWHpEXB4I/AAAAAAAAAh8/bsXTG2u7B40/s1600/Sinapsis%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536918587414349698" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 314px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcWHpEXB4I/AAAAAAAAAh8/bsXTG2u7B40/s320/Sinapsis%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Each one can be connected with thousands of others, which allows nerve information to circulate intensively and in several directions at a time. Through the connections between neurons (synapses), nerve impulses travel from one cell to another and support skill development and learning capacity. Learning is the creation of new synapses, or the strengthening or weakening of existing synapses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcWbgfmW_I/AAAAAAAAAiE/9GvWZtIBTjc/s1600/Neuronas+%26+Sinapsis.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536918928710065138" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 211px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcWbgfmW_I/AAAAAAAAAiE/9GvWZtIBTjc/s320/Neuronas+%26+Sinapsis.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Compared to an adult, the number of synapses in newborns is low. After two months of growth, the synaptic density of the brain increases exponentially and exceeds that of an adult (with a peak at ten months). There is then a steady decline until age 10, when the “adult number” of synapses is reached. A relative stabilisation then occurs. The process by which synapses are produced en masse is called synaptogenesis. The process by which synapses decline is referred to as pruning. It is a natural mechanism, necessary for growth and development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNca2jtHmWI/AAAAAAAAAik/kM_q5cYrk3M/s1600/Neurogenesis_hipotalamica.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536923791475054946" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 309px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNca2jtHmWI/AAAAAAAAAik/kM_q5cYrk3M/s320/Neurogenesis_hipotalamica.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For a long time, science believed that the maximum number of neurons was fixed at birth; unlike most other cells, neurons were not thought to regenerate and each individual would then lose neurons regularly. In the same way, following a lesion of the brain, destroyed nerve cells would not be replaced. For the past twenty years, findings have changed this view by revealing hitherto unsuspected phenomena: &lt;strong&gt;new neurons appear at any point in a person’s life (neurogenesis) and, in some cases at least, the number of neurons does not fluctuate throughout the lifetime.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcW-LGXgxI/AAAAAAAAAiM/j6OcGzOi_2U/s1600/Menor+3+a%C3%B1os.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536919524262511378" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcW-LGXgxI/AAAAAAAAAiM/j6OcGzOi_2U/s320/Menor+3+a%C3%B1os.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;That said, synaptogenesis is intense in the very early years of life of a human being. If learning were to be determined by the creation of new synapses – an idea with some intuitive appeal – it is a short step to deduce that it is in the early years of a child when (s)he is most capable of learning. Another version, more current in Europe, is the view that very young children must be constantly stimulated in their first two to three years in order to strengthen their learning capacities for subsequent life. In fact, &lt;strong&gt;these claims go well beyond the actual scientific evidence.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNccH8f0wKI/AAAAAAAAAis/VyIkITSPlNg/s1600/Roedores+en+un+Laberinto.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536925189699584162" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 302px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNccH8f0wKI/AAAAAAAAAis/VyIkITSPlNg/s320/Roedores+en+un+Laberinto.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;An experiment conducted twenty years ago may, however, have fuelled such a myth. Laboratory studies with rodents showed that synaptic density could increase when the subjects were placed in a complex environment, defined in this case as a cage with other rodents and various objects to explore. When these rats were subsequently tested on a maze learning test, they performed better and faster than other rats belonging to a control group and living in “poor” or “isolated” environments (Diamond, 2001). The conclusion was that rats living in “enriched” environments had increased synaptic density and were thus better able to perform the learning task.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The elements were in place to create a myth: a great experiment, rather easy to understand even if difficult to perform, and findings that project the expected outcome.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcXqRJm9hI/AAAAAAAAAiU/aOkpcLUQXzo/s1600/Aprendiendo+a+Leer.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536920281800963602" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcXqRJm9hI/AAAAAAAAAiU/aOkpcLUQXzo/s320/Aprendiendo+a+Leer.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The experiment, however, took place in the laboratory in highly artificial conditions.It was conducted on rodents. Non-specialists twisted experimental data on rats, obtained with unquestionable scientific precision, and combined it with current ideas concerning human development to conclude that educational intervention, to be more effective, should be co-ordinated with synaptogenesis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcc5Yo_ZvI/AAAAAAAAAi0/rBYMVq8JeKs/s1600/Children+Learning.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536926039067813618" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcc5Yo_ZvI/AAAAAAAAAi0/rBYMVq8JeKs/s320/Children+Learning.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Alternatively, they suggested that, “enriched environments” save synapses from pruning during infancy, or even create new synapses, and thereby contribute to greater intelligence and higher learning capacity. &lt;strong&gt;This is a case of using facts established in a valid study to extrapolate conclusions that go well beyond the original evidence.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcYKz2UEwI/AAAAAAAAAic/ZoYpikV46lI/s1600/Ni%C3%B1o+confundido.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5536920840871088898" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 276px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcYKz2UEwI/AAAAAAAAAic/ZoYpikV46lI/s320/Ni%C3%B1o+confundido.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The limits and lessons in this case are rather clear. There is little human neuroscientific data on the predictive relationship between synaptic density early in life and improved learning capacity. Similarly, little is available regarding the predictive relationship between the synaptic densities of children and adults. There is no direct neuroscientific evidence, for either animals or humans, linking adult synaptic density to greater learning capacity. All of this does not mean that the plasticity of the brain, and synaptogenesis in particular, might not bear some relation to learning but, on the strength of available evidence, &lt;strong&gt;the assumptions made in identifying such a determining role for birth-to-three development &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;cannot&lt;/span&gt; be sustained.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For further reading, the reader should consult John Bruer’s "&lt;a href="http://books.google.com.pe/books?id=HoJI6LEB6hEC&amp;dq=The+Myth+of+the+First+Three+Years+%2B+John+Bruer&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=tHw6okmHMB&amp;sig=BV3VDQUh8MxTXsvg9FOTHFs6Dio&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=iTzZTL_eD8P78AaBsKH4CQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA"&gt;The Myth of the First Three Years&lt;/a&gt;" (2000). He was the first systematically to contest this myth, which he presented as “rooted in our cultural beliefs about children and childhood, our fascination with the mind-brain, and our perennial need to find reassuring answers to troubling questions”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNnjiS93ffI/AAAAAAAAAi8/UHZn6I13TDk/s1600/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BLeyendo%2Ben%2BBiblioteca.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 311px; height: 207px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNnjiS93ffI/AAAAAAAAAi8/UHZn6I13TDk/s320/Ni%25C3%25B1o%2BLeyendo%2Ben%2BBiblioteca.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5537707395175120370" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Bruer goes back to the 18th century to find its origin: it was already believed that a mother’s education was the most powerful force to map out the life and fate of a child; successful children were those who had interacted “well” with their family. He eliminates one by one the myths based on faulty interpretations of early synaptogenesis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, pages 111 - 112 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1994458251851451691?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1994458251851451691/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/11/everything-important-is-decided-by-age.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1994458251851451691'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1994458251851451691'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/11/everything-important-is-decided-by-age.html' title='Everything Important Is Decided By The Age of Three?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TNcUeW-NuyI/AAAAAAAAAhk/7OfgLLt0cvA/s72-c/Ni%C3%B1o+Ajedrez.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3178952814819977937</id><published>2010-10-17T12:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-11-07T16:10:01.673-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>What is a “neuromyth”?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtGkZOmSsI/AAAAAAAAAgY/51gFyrGOEDY/s1600/Phrenology.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 235px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtGkZOmSsI/AAAAAAAAAgY/51gFyrGOEDY/s320/Phrenology.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529090558588766914" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/10/que-es-un-neuromito.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/10/o-que-e-um-neuromito.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is a “Neuromyth”?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Science advances through trial and error. Theories are constructed on the basis of observation which other phenomena come to confirm, modify, or refute: another theory, complementary or contradictory to the previous one, is then created, and so the process continues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This bumpy advance of science is unavoidable but it has its drawbacks. One is that hypotheses which have been invalidated nevertheless leave traces and if these have captured a wider imagination, “&lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/myth_2"&gt;myths&lt;/a&gt;” take root. These beliefs may have been demolished by science but they prove to be stubbornly persistent and passed on through various media into the public mind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtG3Y6YIAI/AAAAAAAAAgg/NW4RJ_QX_Lk/s1600/Frenolog%C3%ADa+Dr.+Gall.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 246px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtG3Y6YIAI/AAAAAAAAAgg/NW4RJ_QX_Lk/s320/Frenolog%C3%ADa+Dr.+Gall.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529090884921466882" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Neuroscience is inevitably caught up in this phenomenon. Some expressions in the English language confirm this: “number sense”, for example, derives from the research of a German anatomist and physiologist, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Gall"&gt;Franz Joseph Gall&lt;/a&gt; (1758-1828). By examining the heads of convicted living criminals and dissecting the brains of deceased ones, Gall established &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology"&gt;phrenology theory&lt;/a&gt;: a particular talent would produce an outgrowth on the brain which pushes on the bone and distorts the skull. By feeling the head, Gall boasted that he could identify the criminal from the honest man, a “maths” person from a “literary” one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtRhxIe8ZI/AAAAAAAAAgo/sL-IjFZArKQ/s1600/Frenologia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 311px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtRhxIe8ZI/AAAAAAAAAgo/sL-IjFZArKQ/s320/Frenologia.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529102608093868434" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology"&gt;Phrenology &lt;/a&gt;has long been superseded, indeed discredited. To be sure, certain areas of the brain are specialised more than others with certain functions. But, contrary to the regions that Gall thought he had identified, it is instead a question of functional specialties (such as image formation, word production, tactile sensibility, etc.) and not of moral characteristics like kindness, combativeness, etc.(1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLuwumluf4I/AAAAAAAAAgw/eYmp_duyyBc/s1600/Chinese+Whispers.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 280px; height: 230px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLuwumluf4I/AAAAAAAAAgw/eYmp_duyyBc/s320/Chinese+Whispers.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529207282206670722" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Science itself is not solely responsible for the emergence of such myths. It is often difficult to understand all the subtleties of a study’s findings, still more its protocols and methodological details. Nevertheless,&lt;strong&gt; human nature is often content with – even takes delight in – quick, simple, and unequivocal explanations.&lt;/strong&gt; This inevitably leads to faulty interpretations, questionable extrapolations, and, more generally, the genesis of false ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the next posts, we examines one by one the main myths belonging to brain science, with particular attention given to those most relevant to learning methods. For each myth, a historical look will explain how the idea took hold and then the current state of scientific research on the subject will be reviewed. Ironically perhaps, some myths have actually been beneficial to education in that they provided “justification” for it to diversify. But, mostly they bring unfortunate consequences and must therefore be dispelled.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 110 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See &lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/dispelling-neuromyths.html"&gt;Dispelling “Neuromyths”&lt;/a&gt; in this blog.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3178952814819977937?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3178952814819977937/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-is-neuromyth.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3178952814819977937'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3178952814819977937'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-is-neuromyth.html' title='What is a “neuromyth”?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLtGkZOmSsI/AAAAAAAAAgY/51gFyrGOEDY/s72-c/Phrenology.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1193025021837196708</id><published>2010-09-18T08:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-17T16:09:46.291-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>“Reading in a Bilingual Environment”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAEP_Fml8I/AAAAAAAAAfQ/jJyGKLOWAdE/s1600/Espa%C3%B1ol+English.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516914216208340930" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAEP_Fml8I/AAAAAAAAAfQ/jJyGKLOWAdE/s320/Espa%C3%B1ol+English.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/09/leyendo-en-un-ambiente-bilingue_18.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/09/leitura-em-um-ambiente-bilingue.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The possible Effects of Bilingual Environment on Learning to Read&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Reading in a Bilingual Environment” &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;A much more difficult issue involves the effects of having to learn English at the same moment you enter the school door.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Learning two or more languages is an extraordinary, complicated cognitive investment for children, that represents a growing reality for huge number of students. Some up-front costs, such as transfer errors and substitutions from one language to the next, are less important than &lt;strong&gt;the advantages, &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;if (a very important “if”)&lt;/span&gt; the child learn each language well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJADlCIqORI/AAAAAAAAAfI/Wm5hXXeU9O0/s1600/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Ind%C3%ADgena.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516913478292093202" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 256px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJADlCIqORI/AAAAAAAAAfI/Wm5hXXeU9O0/s320/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Ind%C3%ADgena.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The plasticity of the young brain enables young children to attain - &lt;strong&gt;with less effort than at any other time&lt;/strong&gt; - proficiency in more than one language. After puberty, students bring certain advantages to learning language, but the younger child’s brain is superior in several important ways when it comes to learning to speak accent-free languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Examining the many issues swirling around bilingualism and learning is dizzying, but three principles dominate:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAFZMdr8SI/AAAAAAAAAfg/0OeH6BIK47Q/s1600/Leyendo+Padre-hija.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516915473929466146" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 150px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 150px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAFZMdr8SI/AAAAAAAAAfg/0OeH6BIK47Q/s320/Leyendo+Padre-hija.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;First, English-language learners who know a concept or word in their first language learn to use it more easily in English, their second, “school” language. In other words, &lt;strong&gt;language enrichment at home provides an essential cognitive and linguistic foundation for all learning&lt;/strong&gt;, and it does not need to be in the school language to be of help to the child. Children who have an impoverished environment in this home language, on the other hand, have no cognitive or linguistic foundation for either the first or the second, school language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAEvY5HBWI/AAAAAAAAAfY/gxR7QJiIVLk/s1600/English+Espa%C3%B1ol+Cartoon.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516914755711206754" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 250px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 223px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAEvY5HBWI/AAAAAAAAAfY/gxR7QJiIVLk/s320/English+Espa%C3%B1ol+Cartoon.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The second principle is similar to the first. Little is more important to learning to read English than the quality of language development in English. Thousand of children enter school with varying degrees of knowledge of English. Systematic efforts to instill both the “new” phonemes of the English language and the new vocabulary of school (and books) need to happen in each classroom for each learner. Connie Juel points out an essential linguistic issue easily missed by teachers in the US: &lt;strong&gt;Children who come to school either new to the English language or new to the standard American English dialect spoken in school &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;do not know&lt;/span&gt; the very phonemes they are expected to sound out (or induce) in reading.&lt;/strong&gt; For five years, they “learned to ignore them and listen largely to their own”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAF7W0z25I/AAAAAAAAAfo/0mTtM-hOcyw/s1600/Mother+and+Baby.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516916060826360722" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 249px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAF7W0z25I/AAAAAAAAAfo/0mTtM-hOcyw/s320/Mother+and+Baby.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The third principle concerns the age when children become bilingual: &lt;strong&gt;the earlier the better for oral and written language development. &lt;/strong&gt;The neuroscientist Laura-Ann Petitto of Darmouth and her colleagues found that early bilingual exposure (before age three) had a positive effect, with language and reading comparable to those of monolinguals. Further, in imaging studies of adults who had been early bilingual, Petitto’s group found that subjects’ brains processed both languages in overlapping regions, like the brain of monolinguals. By contrast, bilingual adults who had been exposed later to a second language showed a different, more bilateral pattern of brain activation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLW8-kWGlmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/AoOfMLqqPiA/s1600/Bebe+Leyendo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 290px; height: 248px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TLW8-kWGlmI/AAAAAAAAAgA/AoOfMLqqPiA/s320/Bebe+Leyendo.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5527531900761445986" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reading never just happens.&lt;/strong&gt; Not a word, a concept, or a social routine is wasted in the 2000 days that prepared the very young brain to use all the developing parts that go into reading acquisition. It is all there from the start - or not – with consequences for the rest of children’s reading development, and for the rest of their lives. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Proust and the Squid", The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, Maryanne Wolf, 2007, pages 105 - 106 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAGZV_XPcI/AAAAAAAAAfw/0nu161raUN0/s1600/Aprendiendo+M%C3%BAsica.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516916575998262722" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAGZV_XPcI/AAAAAAAAAfw/0nu161raUN0/s320/Aprendiendo+M%C3%BAsica.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1193025021837196708?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1193025021837196708/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/09/reading-in-bilingual-environment.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1193025021837196708'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1193025021837196708'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/09/reading-in-bilingual-environment.html' title='“Reading in a Bilingual Environment”'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TJAEP_Fml8I/AAAAAAAAAfQ/jJyGKLOWAdE/s72-c/Espa%C3%B1ol+English.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-4209614828426959256</id><published>2010-08-26T10:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-11-27T19:00:11.438-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Intelligence and Brain'/><title type='text'>The Intelligence Is Changing</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadWf8zQrI/AAAAAAAAAcE/hfxr1wUbuQU/s1600/Robot+Pensando.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509764203993580210" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 250px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 257px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadWf8zQrI/AAAAAAAAAcE/hfxr1wUbuQU/s320/Robot+Pensando.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/08/la-inteligencia-esta-cambiando.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/08/inteligencia-esta-mudando.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Intelligence Is Changing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Personal Comment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are There Only Two or Three or Eight Types of Intelligences?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;I do not think so...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because like “&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"&gt;Fyodor Dostoevsky&lt;/a&gt;” said: Do not let us forget that the causes of human actions are usually immeasurably more complex than our subsequent explanations of them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For me affirm that we have only eight types of intelligence sound like said: “the left hemisphere of our brain &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; works with unconscious, and the right hemisphere &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; works with conscious”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadrMY0gJI/AAAAAAAAAcM/XH31I0KSS80/s1600/Students+Thinking.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509764559519645842" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadrMY0gJI/AAAAAAAAAcM/XH31I0KSS80/s320/Students+Thinking.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In my opinion: There are so many intelligences how persons exist in our planet. Furthermore the performance of our intelligence change during the day (morning, afternoon, evening), even more though months and years, according our personal situation and life experience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THagsnzkmaI/AAAAAAAAAcc/2mWleaPERtU/s1600/Child+Learning+in+Classroom.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509767882594359714" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 236px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THagsnzkmaI/AAAAAAAAAcc/2mWleaPERtU/s320/Child+Learning+in+Classroom.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;We must remember the evidence that &lt;strong&gt;our performance and behavior in educational task can be severe affected by the way we feel when are seen and judged by others &lt;a href="#uno"&gt;(*)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However these theories are really useful to improve our academic performance or to improve our speeding of learning. Why?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THag0hyKBpI/AAAAAAAAAck/HOxHj-N53jo/s1600/Woman+and+Child.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509768018416764562" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 280px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THag0hyKBpI/AAAAAAAAAck/HOxHj-N53jo/s320/Woman+and+Child.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Because...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the parents and teachers give their children one environment with tolerance and real interest, the students will give them their best performance. So read, increase your knowledge of these theories of intelligence, think about them; and the most important practice with sincerely and love is better for everyone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadxwosCbI/AAAAAAAAAcU/pRw4zt0AEBM/s1600/Indian+Students+Speaking.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509764672329091506" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadxwosCbI/AAAAAAAAAcU/pRw4zt0AEBM/s320/Indian+Students+Speaking.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="uno"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(*) UNEQUAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2004, World Bank economists Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey reported the result of a remarkable experiment. They took 321 high-caste and 321 low-caste 11 to 12 year-old boys from scattered rural villages in India, and set them the task of solving mazes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, the boys did the puzzles without being aware of each other’s caste. Under this condition the low-caste boys did just as well with the mazes as the high-caste boys, indeed slightly better.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THajUCg5okI/AAAAAAAAAcs/m1ag6Y_cUJM/s1600/India-Caste.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509770758801957442" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 98px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THajUCg5okI/AAAAAAAAAcs/m1ag6Y_cUJM/s320/India-Caste.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Then, the experiment was repeated, but this time each boy was asked to confirm an announcement of his name village, father’s and grandfather’s names, and caste. After this public announcement of caste, the boys did more mazes, and this time - The performance of the low-caste boys dropped significantly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is striking evidence that performance and behavior in an educational task can be profoundly affected by the way we feel and we are seen and judged by others. When we expect to be viewed as inferior, our abilities seen to be diminished.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;“The Spirit Level”, Why Equality is Better for Everyone, By Richard Wilkinson and Kate Picket, 2009, page 113 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-4209614828426959256?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/4209614828426959256/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/08/intelligence-is-changing.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4209614828426959256'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4209614828426959256'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/08/intelligence-is-changing.html' title='The Intelligence Is Changing'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/THadWf8zQrI/AAAAAAAAAcE/hfxr1wUbuQU/s72-c/Robot+Pensando.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7511029154912827538</id><published>2010-07-27T15:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-03T07:26:52.928-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Intelligence and Brain'/><title type='text'>Is There The "Emotional Intelligence"?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzQ-hdSocI/AAAAAAAAAbM/OStOhuOWxck/s1600/EQ+Iceberg.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5497999017664225730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzQ-hdSocI/AAAAAAAAAbM/OStOhuOWxck/s320/EQ+Iceberg.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/07/existe-la-inteligencia-emocional.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/07/temos-inteligencia-emocional.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is There The "Emotional Intelligence"? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A third theory that challenges the "IQ" conception of intelligence is that of "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence"&gt;Emotional Intelligence&lt;/a&gt;" or "EQ", first popularised by psychologist and science journalist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Goleman"&gt;Daniel Goleman's &lt;/a&gt;1995 bestseller "Emotional Intelligence: Why It can Matter More than IQ". Goleman argues that a person's emotions play a significant role in thought, making decisions and future success. He defines this form of intelligence as &lt;strong&gt;a set of skills that include impulse control, self-motivations, empathy and the ability to relate well to others&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzTLQDPWeI/AAAAAAAAAbk/s_Q7hLOtE_c/s1600/Control+Emociones.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498001435353111010" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzTLQDPWeI/AAAAAAAAAbk/s_Q7hLOtE_c/s320/Control+Emociones.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Self-awareness,&lt;/strong&gt; Goleman argues is the key to being truly emotionally intelligent, because it allow the person to exercise self-control. With sufficient self-awareness, it is possible to develop various coping mechanisms that allow a person to move from a negative emotional state to a more positive one: counting to ten as means of letting the sensation of sudden anger subside, for example.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzRsJF4fRI/AAAAAAAAAbU/i0QD2gqU5yM/s1600/Inteligencia+Emocional+%26+Multiple.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5497999801397574930" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 184px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzRsJF4fRI/AAAAAAAAAbU/i0QD2gqU5yM/s320/Inteligencia+Emocional+%26+Multiple.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;As with Garner's theory of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences"&gt;multiple intelligences&lt;/a&gt;, Goleman's EQ concept has been adopted by various schools in the United States, which use it to develop "emotional literacy" programmes, aimed at helping students learn to manage their anger, frustrations and loneliness. Children who are angry or depressed are capable of learning well, and those with long-running emotional difficulties are liable to drop out altogether. Improving the students' self-esteem and self-motivations helps them to perform better in exams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TFgl23Knw_I/AAAAAAAAAb8/KO0V0cXp8kA/s1600/Multiple+Intelligences.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501188569284723698" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 226px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TFgl23Knw_I/AAAAAAAAAb8/KO0V0cXp8kA/s320/Multiple+Intelligences.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Like IQ, each of these alternative conceptions of intelligence has been criticised. &lt;strong&gt;Critics of the "multiple intelligences" theory, for example, point to &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;lack&lt;/span&gt; of empirical evidence supporting it&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzV7DvmB8I/AAAAAAAAAbs/1QIeVpKbt4o/s1600/Estudio+Feliz.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498004455706462146" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 242px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzV7DvmB8I/AAAAAAAAAbs/1QIeVpKbt4o/s320/Estudio+Feliz.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Critics of EQ concept argue that it measures conformity rather that ability: who after all is to say when a person's anger or sadness (or other emotion) is or is not appropriate to a particular situations? EQ's sceptics also &lt;strong&gt;point out that scientific studies have &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;failed&lt;/span&gt; to find a convincing link between high self-esteem an better academic performance&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While mindful of such criticisms, I believe there is considerable value in considering human intelligence in ways that allow us to appreciate the enormous diversity in how people think and behave. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"EMBRACING THE WIDE SKY", A Tour Across The Horizons of The Human Mind, Daniel Tammet, 2009, pages 51 - 52 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7511029154912827538?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7511029154912827538/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/is-there-emotional-intelligence.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7511029154912827538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7511029154912827538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/is-there-emotional-intelligence.html' title='Is There The &quot;Emotional Intelligence&quot;?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEzQ-hdSocI/AAAAAAAAAbM/OStOhuOWxck/s72-c/EQ+Iceberg.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7643291415866948941</id><published>2010-07-17T14:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-07-27T16:59:24.818-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Intelligence and Brain'/><title type='text'>Are There "Multiple Intelligences"?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHt1mUTrlI/AAAAAAAAAZU/kxcfxA-HbW0/s1600/Inteligencias+M%C3%BAltiples.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 238px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494934525443288658" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHt1mUTrlI/AAAAAAAAAZU/kxcfxA-HbW0/s320/Inteligencias+M%C3%BAltiples.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/07/tenemos-inteligencias-multiples.html"&gt;Español &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/07/temos-inteligencias-multiplas.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? (2) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are There "Multiple Intelligences"? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Like Sternberg, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner"&gt;Howard Gardner&lt;/a&gt;, a professor of education at Harvard University, believes that there is more than one kind of intelligence - eight, to precise - with every person having a unique blend of each. His theory of "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences"&gt;Multiple Intelligences&lt;/a&gt;" was made famous by his book "&lt;a href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm"&gt;Frames of Mind&lt;/a&gt;" first published in 1983. Using a range of criteria, including development history, evolutionary &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/plausible"&gt;plausibility&lt;/a&gt; and support from experimental psychology tasks, Gardner identified these &lt;strong&gt;eight different intelligences&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHvEYcx25I/AAAAAAAAAZc/1Cyzv_kCD5w/s1600/To+blog_or_not+to+blog%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 240px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494935878930389906" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHvEYcx25I/AAAAAAAAAZc/1Cyzv_kCD5w/s320/To+blog_or_not+to+blog%5B1%5D.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linguistic Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; Involving both spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages and the capacity to use language to achieve certain goals. Examples: writers, poets, lawyers and speakers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHwMEs73QI/AAAAAAAAAZk/z5HS4QyGwJU/s1600/Cartoon+Einstein.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 238px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494937110580026626" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHwMEs73QI/AAAAAAAAAZk/z5HS4QyGwJU/s320/Cartoon+Einstein.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Logical-Mathematical Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; The capacity to analyse problems, perform mathematical operations and investigate issues scientifically. Examples: scientists, engineers and mathematicians.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHxqpBXyNI/AAAAAAAAAZs/nlMnVYNHVo8/s1600/Beethove.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 275px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 234px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494938735237122258" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHxqpBXyNI/AAAAAAAAAZs/nlMnVYNHVo8/s320/Beethove.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Musical Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; Skill in the performance, composition and appreciation of musical patterns. Musicians of all kinds are obvious examples of this intelligence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHy7fqlhVI/AAAAAAAAAZ0/crGEdk3P7oc/s1600/usain-bolt.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 218px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494940124295038290" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHy7fqlhVI/AAAAAAAAAZ0/crGEdk3P7oc/s320/usain-bolt.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body–Kinaesthetic Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; Using parts of the whole of one’s body to solve problems. Examples: athletes, actors and dancers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH0D2TrZsI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/nOQQKMbFhrg/s1600/Eiffel.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 182px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494941367323551426" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH0D2TrZsI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/nOQQKMbFhrg/s320/Eiffel.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spatial Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; Includes having a very good sense of direction, as well as the ability to visualize and mentally manipulate objects. Examples: artists, architects and engineers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH1CD_nCUI/AAAAAAAAAaE/5s7bYGSBRiA/s1600/mahatma_gandhi.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 268px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494942436149365058" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH1CD_nCUI/AAAAAAAAAaE/5s7bYGSBRiA/s320/mahatma_gandhi.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpersonal Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; The capacity to understand the feelings, intentions and motivations of the other people. Examples: sales-people, politicians and therapists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH2DVGYLdI/AAAAAAAAAaM/57KlPSFghZU/s1600/socrates.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 258px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494943557432651218" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH2DVGYLdI/AAAAAAAAAaM/57KlPSFghZU/s320/socrates.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intrapersonal Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; The ability to understand oneself, one's feelings, goals and motivation: Examples: philosophers, psychologists, and theologians.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH26mmf0nI/AAAAAAAAAaU/QIHuR5SFd6M/s1600/Darwin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 240px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494944507023577714" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEH26mmf0nI/AAAAAAAAAaU/QIHuR5SFd6M/s320/Darwin.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Naturalistic Intelligence:&lt;/strong&gt; The ability to draw upon certain features of the environment, to grow and nurture new things and to have a facility for interacting with animals: examples: farmer, gardeners and conservationists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many educators in the United States who have adopted Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences to use in their schools report improved exams results, parental participations and classroom discipline.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Harvard-led study of forty-one schools supported using the theory, and reported that in these schools there was "a culture of hard work, respect and caring; a faculty that collaborated and learned from each other; classrooms that engaged students through constrained but meaningful choices, and a sharp focus on &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/enable#enable__3"&gt;enabling&lt;/a&gt; students to produce high-quality work". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"EMBRACING THE WIDE SKY", A Tour Across The Horizons of The Human Mind, Daniel Tammet, 2009, page 50 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7643291415866948941?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7643291415866948941/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-there-multiple-intelligences.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7643291415866948941'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7643291415866948941'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-there-multiple-intelligences.html' title='Are There &quot;Multiple Intelligences&quot;?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TEHt1mUTrlI/AAAAAAAAAZU/kxcfxA-HbW0/s72-c/Inteligencias+M%C3%BAltiples.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-4502634800729184888</id><published>2010-07-10T17:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-07-19T09:34:58.551-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Intelligence and Brain'/><title type='text'>The Intelligence Consists Of Three Main Aspects?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TDiW9R-nspI/AAAAAAAAAYE/2NO23WtKtIA/s1600/Tipos+de+Inteligencia.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5492305725120557714" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 301px; height: 320px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TDiW9R-nspI/AAAAAAAAAYE/2NO23WtKtIA/s320/Tipos+de+Inteligencia.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/07/la-inteligencia-presenta-tres-aspectos.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/07/existem-diferentes-tipos-de.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Intelligence Consists Of Three Main Aspects? &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Clearly, something more than a single test score is needed to guide our evaluation of person's intelligence. I believe it makes more sense to&lt;strong&gt; consider intelligence as a &lt;span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"&gt;complex phenomenon&lt;/span&gt; that is best described as a synthesis of various skills and abilities&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this way a person can be considered intelligent in some respects and less so in others. For example how would you evaluate the intelligence of the following individuals?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;A Nobel Prize winner who regularly forgets where he puts his car keys. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A thrice-divorced chess champion. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A company chief executive with history of stress-related heart problems. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A doctor who smokes and drink heavily. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A brilliant musical composer plagued by creditors.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;In view of such contradictions, various theorists have sought to broaden the traditional understanding of intelligence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"The Three Main Aspects of Intelligence"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TDiXu4S7eAI/AAAAAAAAAYM/-MfKvIpm_To/s1600/Triarchic+Theory+of+Intelligence.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5492306577219876866" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 320px; height: 240px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TDiXu4S7eAI/AAAAAAAAAYM/-MfKvIpm_To/s320/Triarchic+Theory+of+Intelligence.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the 1980s Yale psychologist &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchic_theory_of_intelligence"&gt;Robert Sternberg&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/strong&gt; proposed the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchic_theory_of_intelligence"&gt;triarchic&lt;/a&gt;" (three-part) theory of intelligence, which states that intelligence consists of three main aspects:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Analytic Intelligence”&lt;/strong&gt;: The ability to analyse, evaluate and compare. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Creative Intelligence ”&lt;/strong&gt;: Skill in using past experience to achieve insight and deal with situations. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“Practical Intelligence ”&lt;/strong&gt;: The ability to adapt to, select and shape the real-world environment, &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Successfully intelligent people, according to Sternberg, are those who are aware of their particular strengths and weaknesses and develop further their abilities in order to achieve success in the future. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"EMBRACING THE WIDE SKY", A Tour across the Horizons of The Human Mind, Daniel Tammet, 2009, page 49 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-4502634800729184888?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/4502634800729184888/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/intelligence-consists-of-three-main.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4502634800729184888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4502634800729184888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/07/intelligence-consists-of-three-main.html' title='The Intelligence Consists Of Three Main Aspects?'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TDiW9R-nspI/AAAAAAAAAYE/2NO23WtKtIA/s72-c/Tipos+de+Inteligencia.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3447792016439753859</id><published>2010-06-12T15:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-12T06:18:22.139-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The School 2.0: Seven Tips For Educator</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7wLiSzboI/AAAAAAAAAT8/MOp5-O31BNw/s1600/Crian%C3%A7as+No+Laptop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5480581877531373186" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 250px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7wLiSzboI/AAAAAAAAAT8/MOp5-O31BNw/s320/Crian%C3%A7as+No+Laptop.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/06/la-escuela-20-siete-consejos-para-el.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/06/escola-20-sete-dicas-para-o-educador_12.html"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The School &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"&gt;2.0&lt;/a&gt;: Seven Tips For Educator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Empower Students to Collaborate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Here are seven strategies that will help you become a better teacher in this new digital age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Do not&lt;/span&gt; throw technology in the classroom and &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;hope&lt;/span&gt; for good things:&lt;/strong&gt; Focus on the change in pedagogy, not technology. Learning 2.0 is about dramatically changing the relationship between a teacher and Students in the learning process. Get that right and use technology for a student focused, customized, collaborative learning environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Cut back lecturing:&lt;/strong&gt; You do not have all the answers. Start asking students questions and listen to their answers. Listen to question students ask too. Let them discover the answer. Let them co-create a learning experience with you.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7rLjXV6nI/AAAAAAAAATs/JYf0dTCrX7c/s1600/Estudando+No+Ch%C3%A3o.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5480576380260706930" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7rLjXV6nI/AAAAAAAAATs/JYf0dTCrX7c/s320/Estudando+No+Ch%C3%A3o.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Empower students to collaborate:&lt;/strong&gt; Encourage them to work with each other and show them how access the world of subject-matter experts available on the web.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Focus on lifelong learning, not teaching to the test&lt;/strong&gt;: It is not what they know when they graduate that counts; it is their capacity and love for lifelong learning that is important. Do not worry if the kids forget the dates of key battles in history. They can look them up. Focus on teaching them how to learn not what to know.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7sQ1yJFzI/AAAAAAAAAT0/MoIRysJTKTo/s1600/Girl+%26+Laptop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5480577570615924530" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 220px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7sQ1yJFzI/AAAAAAAAAT0/MoIRysJTKTo/s320/Girl+%26+Laptop.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5) Use technology to get to know each student&lt;/strong&gt; and build self-passed, customized learning programs for them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6) Design educational programs according to the eight norms:&lt;/strong&gt; There should be choice, customization, transparency, integrity, collaboration, fun, speed and innovation in their experiences. Leverage the strengths of Net Gen culture and behaviours in project-based learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7q0oh-09I/AAAAAAAAATk/CVM0SVt3Eeg/s1600/Aulas+Com+Professor.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5480575986510517202" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7q0oh-09I/AAAAAAAAATk/CVM0SVt3Eeg/s320/Aulas+Com+Professor.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7) Reinvent yourself as a teacher, professor, or educator:&lt;/strong&gt; You too can say "Now, I can hardly wait to get up in the morning to go to work"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"GROWN UP DIGITAL", How The Net Generation Is Changing Your World, Don Tapscott, 2009, pages 148 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3447792016439753859?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3447792016439753859/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/06/school-20-seven-tips-for-educator_12.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3447792016439753859'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3447792016439753859'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/06/school-20-seven-tips-for-educator_12.html' title='The School 2.0: Seven Tips For Educator'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TA7wLiSzboI/AAAAAAAAAT8/MOp5-O31BNw/s72-c/Crian%C3%A7as+No+Laptop.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6872353879987142055</id><published>2010-05-09T11:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-17T16:08:46.344-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-Dl05P4I/AAAAAAAAARs/M1gGknTJOj0/s1600/Light+Bulb+Brain.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469338135135076226" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-Dl05P4I/AAAAAAAAARs/M1gGknTJOj0/s320/Light+Bulb+Brain.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/05/podemos-mejorar-nuestra-capacidad-para_10.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/05/podemos-melhorar-nossa-capacidade-de_10.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It Is Better to Understand New Material Than Simply to Memorize It By Rote&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Information is consolidated from short-term memory into long-term memory by &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;rehearsal&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; Rehearsal can take form of reading over class notes (try reading them aloud) or it can take form of describing significant concepts in new words. The traditional hour-long lecture may effectively fill up working memory so that if no effort is made to consolidate material into long-term memory quickly it may all be forgotten. It is more difficult to hold material in short-term memory, so material that is not moved into long-term memory is more likely to be lost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-O2M_-3I/AAAAAAAAAR8/IWCkRV6vcq8/s1600/Ciclo+Concentraci%C3%B3n.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469338328509709170" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 194px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-O2M_-3I/AAAAAAAAAR8/IWCkRV6vcq8/s320/Ciclo+Concentraci%C3%B3n.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A good teacher can help students by refraining from pointless digressions, such digressions maybe interesting but they also fill up short-term memory with unrelated facts. &lt;strong&gt;Information loss seems to occur when new data actually interferes with data that is already in &lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/03/types-of-memory-what-is-learning.html"&gt;working memory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-JJU22MI/AAAAAAAAAR0/Oai5SWhJxKk/s1600/Gata+Pensando.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5469338230563723458" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 271px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-JJU22MI/AAAAAAAAAR0/Oai5SWhJxKk/s320/Gata+Pensando.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is better to understand new material than simply to memorize it by rote.&lt;/strong&gt; If new material is well understood, then a few forgotten details can be derived from the context of what has been remembered. In contrast, if rote-memorized material is forgotten, it's gone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The brain strives to make connections and to make sense of new information. This is why it can be helpful to fit new concepts into the context of previously well-learned concepts. If you already have a related memory, typing new material to that memory will strengthen the old memory and help to consolidate the new material. This may amount to filling in mortar around existing bricks rather than laying an entirely new row of bricks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-nYU_FTCjI/AAAAAAAAASE/4-uQRYHwhco/s1600/Ni%C3%B1os+Aprendiendo.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470141077460814386" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-nYU_FTCjI/AAAAAAAAASE/4-uQRYHwhco/s320/Ni%C3%B1os+Aprendiendo.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A wise teacher will also help students by pointing out some of the interesting associations.&lt;/strong&gt; This can be done by asking questions or by presenting material in way those foster connections. A new student of biology, for instance will probably spend some time defining the properties of living organism. This can be a fairly dry exercise unless the teacher asks questions to make the material more relevant. One way to make the properties of a living organism more compelling is to ask students to consider whether a virus alive. Does a virus satisfy the properties of a living organism or are there features that we would all agree define life that are lacking in a virus?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"THE EVOLVING BRAIN", The known and Unknown, R. Grant Steen, 2007, pages 135 - 136 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6872353879987142055?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6872353879987142055/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/05/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6872353879987142055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6872353879987142055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/05/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn-3.html' title='Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (3)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S-b-Dl05P4I/AAAAAAAAARs/M1gGknTJOj0/s72-c/Light+Bulb+Brain.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5711612653004749428</id><published>2010-05-01T08:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-17T16:09:44.083-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9xFVZFx9SI/AAAAAAAAARU/ZqfTFQ5lKEM/s1600/Mapas+de+Aprendizagem.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466320281535640866" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 231px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9xFVZFx9SI/AAAAAAAAARU/ZqfTFQ5lKEM/s320/Mapas+de+Aprendizagem.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/05/podemos-mejorar-nuestra-capacidad-para.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/05/podemos-melhorar-nossa-capacidade-de.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It Would Be Good To Figure Out Your Particular Learning Style ! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;When learning new material, it is crucial to use your strengths. For example, most people learn things that they hear more efficiently than things than they see. Yet this is not true for everybody, and it is useful to learn your own strengths and weaknesses. Indeed, there are some students who learn best if they are allowed to touch and play with objects that are related to a lecture, this may be why laboratory classes are so often popular with students.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It would be good to figure out your particular learning style&lt;/strong&gt; so that you can better utilize your strengths. If you learn best by seeing, make sure that you draw out new ideas or that you find good illustrations for concepts that you find difficult.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9zYjVwfNJI/AAAAAAAAARc/Xf4HcfS3_7k/s1600/Lecture+with+pps.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466482149368476818" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9zYjVwfNJI/AAAAAAAAARc/Xf4HcfS3_7k/s320/Lecture+with+pps.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;It is also helpful to involve as many sensory modalities as possible when learning new information. &lt;strong&gt;An oral presentation supplemented with visual material will be understood and remembered better than oral presentation alone&lt;/strong&gt;. A lecture that is well illustrated engages two modalities of sensory input, whereas a lecture alone engages only the ears. This strategy is consistent with the idea that words and pictures a processed in different way by the brain and that engaging both processes makes it more likely that the material will be remembered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S969CZKxrLI/AAAAAAAAARk/VSfrF4SB0SE/s1600/Learning+Numbers.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5467014846487833778" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 230px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S969CZKxrLI/AAAAAAAAARk/VSfrF4SB0SE/s320/Learning+Numbers.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In the past, children were often taught to read by listening to a teacher say the sound that each letter makes so that these sounds could be learned and combined. Now, children may be given plastic letters and encouraged to play with them as they hear the sounds. &lt;strong&gt;Memory can be augmented if use motor skills concurrently&lt;/strong&gt;; this is perhaps why reading is enhanced by note taking. The process of distilling knowledge into a few simple sentences and the act of writing out those sentences can improve comprehension and retention of new ideas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"THE EVOLVING BRAIN", The known and Unknown, R. Grant Steen, 2007, pages 134 - 135 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5711612653004749428?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5711612653004749428/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/05/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5711612653004749428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5711612653004749428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/05/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn-2.html' title='Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9xFVZFx9SI/AAAAAAAAARU/ZqfTFQ5lKEM/s72-c/Mapas+de+Aprendizagem.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1879767669283938731</id><published>2010-04-24T13:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-17T16:10:31.967-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9NVgAeJ23I/AAAAAAAAARM/1zoqb78tBgE/s1600/Julia-+atendiendo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5463804781301193586" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9NVgAeJ23I/AAAAAAAAARM/1zoqb78tBgE/s320/Julia-+atendiendo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/04/podemos-mejorar-nuestra-capacidad-para.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/04/podemos-melhorar-nossa-capacidade-de.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is Essential To Pay Attention!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Given what we know about learning and memory, is it possible to optimize the human ability to learn? Is learning simply IQ in action or it a skill that can be honed? Are limited by our innate abilities or is there a chance that we can intellectually better ourselves?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recent evidence shows that there are memory-enhancing strategies that rely upon an increased understanding of the way the human brain works. Some strategies are based on common sense and are already in wide use, but some of them are less intuitive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since there is a multi-million-dollar market for brain-boosting vitamins, seminars about memory enhancement, and especial foods meant to increase brain power, it maybe worthwhile to review what is actually known.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perhaps the most important lesson is that it is essential to pay attention. &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;Attention is quite selective&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; it filters incoming information and allows only relevant information to gain access to working memory. Intense concentration is proven to increase the speed at which a person can learn new facts and ideas, whereas attention has little impact on learning of new motor skills. Explicit memory is therefore more vulnerable to inattention than is implicit memory. Skillful teacher can use this feature of the human mind by helping student to focus on concepts or ideas that are particularly difficult. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"THE EVOLVING BRAIN", The known and Unknown, R. Grant Steen, 2007, pages 133 - 134 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1879767669283938731?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1879767669283938731/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/04/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1879767669283938731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1879767669283938731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/04/can-we-improve-our-ability-to-learn.html' title='Can We Improve Our Ability To Learn? (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S9NVgAeJ23I/AAAAAAAAARM/1zoqb78tBgE/s72-c/Julia-+atendiendo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6652856407049872958</id><published>2010-03-31T07:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-17T15:51:34.391-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>Types of Memory</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S_HIR8gcSvI/AAAAAAAAASM/PORsoCnh6yk/s1600/Types+of+Memory+2.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5472375232857393906" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 390px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 238px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S_HIR8gcSvI/AAAAAAAAASM/PORsoCnh6yk/s320/Types+of+Memory+2.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/03/tipos-de-memoria-que-es-el-aprendizaje.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/03/tipos-de-memoria-o-que-e-aprendizagem.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Types of Memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Is Learning?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Learning comes in many forms and has many definitions, but learning can be thought of as the retention of explicit and implicit memories. An explicit memory is an image in the mind or something that can be described in words; it is constituted by an object, a place, or an event, and it has a certain concreteness to it. An implicit memory is harder to define, as it may not even enter conscious awareness; it can be a bias or habit of thought, or it can even be an improvement in the ability to discriminate between stimuli that were initially perceived as being identical.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In any case, it is clear that learning is not just building a collection of facts: it has more to do with establishing new patterns of thought.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Learning has been defined as behavioral plasticity, although this definition ignores any form of learning that has no effect on behavior.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A better definition of learning would acknowledge that learning is memory and that memories persist over multiple time scales. &lt;strong&gt;Short-term memory &lt;/strong&gt;may last only a few seconds; you glance at your watch to answer a question about the time then a moment later you do not what time is any more. If memory last longer, say from seconds to hours, &lt;strong&gt;this is called work memory&lt;/strong&gt;. If you take a message for someone, you may forget the message as soon as it has been passed on, even if you remember the message for hours before conveying it. If memory last longer still, from hours to months, &lt;strong&gt;this is called long-term memory&lt;/strong&gt;. An example could be your home telephone number, which you are able to recall without effort. A distinction has been made between long-term and long-lasting memory. &lt;strong&gt;Long-lasting memory &lt;/strong&gt;may represent long-term has somehow fossilized; an example could be the telephone number that you remember from your childhood home many year ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is possible that working memory, long-term memory and long lasting memory are &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;simply different phases of long-term memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; although there maybe a legitimate distinction among these entities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"THE EVOLVING BRAIN", The known and Unknown, R. Grant Steen, 2007, pages 128 - 129 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6652856407049872958?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6652856407049872958/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/03/types-of-memory-what-is-learning.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6652856407049872958'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6652856407049872958'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/03/types-of-memory-what-is-learning.html' title='Types of Memory'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S_HIR8gcSvI/AAAAAAAAASM/PORsoCnh6yk/s72-c/Types+of+Memory+2.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-9199273697905855447</id><published>2010-02-09T13:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-10T02:25:10.123-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>Conclusions: The "Brain-based Learner"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GgEtae_nI/AAAAAAAAAO8/-lPGj-Kgg_g/s1600-h/Sal%C3%B3n+para+aprendizaje.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436302227983498866" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 263px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GgEtae_nI/AAAAAAAAAO8/-lPGj-Kgg_g/s320/Sal%C3%B3n+para+aprendizaje.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2010/02/conclusiones-del-aprendizaje-basado-en.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2010/02/conclusao-aprendizagem-de-base-cerebral.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Conclusions: The "Brain-based Learner"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sonoma County Department of Education&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The "brain-based learner" downshifts under threat, learns via peripheral events, has a unique brain, learns via conscious and unconscious processes, has various types of memory, and learns best when content is embedded in experience. This is the person who is in our classrooms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If this is true, what is learning? We came up with the notion that learning is the expansion of natural knowledge. We wanted to make the point that we are always expanding from what we know. Natural knowledge is what we use to make sense of our lives. It is what we know deeply and meaningfully. Learning as the expansion of natural knowledge means not just information that we memorize; it means something we can use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GgpJXAL0I/AAAAAAAAAPE/CEauRdP89Hk/s1600-h/Classe+Perfecta.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436302853960380226" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 214px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GgpJXAL0I/AAAAAAAAAPE/CEauRdP89Hk/s320/Classe+Perfecta.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Then we asked, "What is involved?" We looked at meaning because we saw meaning as the most critical issue in learning. There are three elements: surface knowledge consists of information and procedures. This is what education has been pretty much limited to. If we have enough of this stuff put into the learner, the learner will somehow process it and retain it. Deep meaning includes the drives, purposes, values and beliefs of the learner -- their ways of patterning and seeing the world. When this "deep meaning" connects with "surface knowledge," you have what we call felt meaning, which is this "Aha!" experience that we now define as learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Real learning as seen from the point of view of the brain in operation is to see the hemispheres synchronize. The brain waves synchronize at that aha! moment: what I am feeling, what I am thinking, what is my hypothesis -- all this connects with the information and I say, "Ah, I get it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GhVmk_woI/AAAAAAAAAPM/ndigupx7Ogg/s1600-h/Estudio+Aburrido.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436303617717944962" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GhVmk_woI/AAAAAAAAAPM/ndigupx7Ogg/s320/Estudio+Aburrido.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This is what is involved in the expansion of natural knowledge. It's ok for the child to memorize certain things, but until that connects with their meaning and their predisposition, the real shift in learning doesn't happen. The child can study all kinds of things about science, but until they make sense, it is memorized stuff and you really can't generalize from there to other experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then we looked at what has to happen in the learning environment, in the classroom, for the expansion of natural knowledge to take place. How do you maximize the conditions for learning? We identified three key factors: immersion in complex experiences; low threat/high challenge; and active processing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GjwsKWm3I/AAAAAAAAAPc/9D7izyLOK-g/s1600-h/Tecnica+de+Aprendizaje.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436306282096532338" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 251px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GjwsKWm3I/AAAAAAAAAPc/9D7izyLOK-g/s320/Tecnica+de+Aprendizaje.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Orchestrated immersion in complex experiences means that I, as a teacher, sit down ahead of time and work out the lesson. I have to think about it beforehand and put together the materials in order to create the kind of natural learning environment that allows my students to make the most of the connections and construct their own meanings. I also prepare the instructions beforehand so I will not interfere with the group. Once I do that, the lesson takes care of itself and feels natural. Why is it "complex"? Complex means that they go through all kinds of levels. In terms of the brain principles, students' emotions are involved as they remember something; they are patterning in their own way; they are making multiple connections. So "complex experiences" means that they are interacting, the learning is activity-oriented; they are globally searching for meaning and using the library for resources. This is a different way of teaching.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other thing that is needed in order to make maximum use of the brain is what we relaxed alertness. There is low threat involved in the activity. You don't announce that a test will follow. You don't have to make a list which will be right or wrong. The results of the activity are open-ended, whatever you come up with is valuable. But just removing the threat is not good enough; you must also provide a challenge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GkH_toCFI/AAAAAAAAAPk/6DAdtoC-jUM/s1600-h/Estudiando+y+tomando+T%C3%A9.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436306682481739858" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 258px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GkH_toCFI/AAAAAAAAAPk/6DAdtoC-jUM/s320/Estudiando+y+tomando+T%C3%A9.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Active processing is metacognition -- sitting back and saying, "What did I learn and how did I learn that? What other connections are there? How else can I do this?" This is very important to consolidating learning, expanding on it and making additional connections. This is what the critical thinking advocates are developing. We go beyond that to include reflection and analyzing interpersonal issues as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is no one way to do Brain-Based Instruction. There are rules, however. The very nature of teaching for the expansion of natural knowledge means that the learner is at the center of any teaching that makes genuine connections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3KIb3O4IjI/AAAAAAAAAP0/dWpEPphz4Vw/s1600-h/Ni%C3%B1os+Aprendiendo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3KIb3O4IjI/AAAAAAAAAP0/dWpEPphz4Vw/s320/Ni%C3%B1os+Aprendiendo.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436557712453804594" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In the years to come, all of us -- teachers, researchers, administrators, parents, and communities -- will have to alter our view of learning. This means going beyond our own experiences as learners in school and literally "inventing" or orchestrating learning environments that finally capitalize on our brains' immense capacity to learn. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.talkingpage.org/artic011.html"&gt;http://www.talkingpage.org/artic011.html&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-9199273697905855447?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/9199273697905855447/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/02/conclusions-brain-based-learner.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/9199273697905855447'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/9199273697905855447'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2010/02/conclusions-brain-based-learner.html' title='Conclusions: The &quot;Brain-based Learner&quot;'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/S3GgEtae_nI/AAAAAAAAAO8/-lPGj-Kgg_g/s72-c/Sal%C3%B3n+para+aprendizaje.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3631834933124001153</id><published>2009-12-31T02:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-26T14:48:32.511-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pedagogy and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Twelve Principles for Brain-Based Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoM7PeRX4I/AAAAAAAAAMc/vvmUldxkKRE/s1600-h/Cerebro.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420659313399127938" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 244px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoM7PeRX4I/AAAAAAAAAMc/vvmUldxkKRE/s320/Cerebro.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/12/doce-principios-para-aprendizaje-basado.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/12/os-doze-principios-da-aprendizagem-de.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Twelve Principles for Brain-Based Learning &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sonoma County Department of Education&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;A href="#one"&gt;Principle One:&lt;/A&gt; The brain is a parallel processor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#two"&gt;Principle Two:&lt;/A&gt; Learning engages the entire physiology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#three"&gt;Principle Three:&lt;/A&gt; The search for meaning is innate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#four"&gt;Principle Four:&lt;/A&gt; The search for meaning occurs through "patterning".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#five"&gt;Principle Five:&lt;/A&gt; Emotions are critical to patterning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#six"&gt;Principle Six:&lt;/A&gt; Every brain simultaneously perceives and creates parts and wholes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#seven"&gt;Principle Seven:&lt;/A&gt; Learning involves both focused attention and peripheral perception.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#eight"&gt;Principle Eight:&lt;/A&gt; Learning always involves conscious and unconscious processes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#nine"&gt;Principle Nine:&lt;/A&gt; We have at least two types of memory -- a spatial memory system and a set of systems for rote learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#ten"&gt;Principle Ten:&lt;/A&gt; The brain understand and remembers best when facts and skills are embedded in natural spatial memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#eleven"&gt;Principle Eleven:&lt;/A&gt; Learning is enhanced by challenge and inhibited by threat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A href="#twelve"&gt;Principle Twelve:&lt;/A&gt; Each brain is unique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=one&gt; One &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoNs-RMTuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/A-mBmotXfGA/s1600-h/Cerebro+Paralelo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420660167774326498" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 192px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoNs-RMTuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/A-mBmotXfGA/s320/Cerebro+Paralelo.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle One: The brain is a parallel processor.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thoughts, intuitions, pre-dispositions, and emotions operate simultaneously and interact with other modes of information. Good teaching takes this into consideration. That's why we talk about the teacher as an orchestrator of learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=two&gt; Two &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szsd4vJLxqI/AAAAAAAAAOM/al_T_kNP-YM/s1600-h/Cansado+Estudiando.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420959437035390626" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szsd4vJLxqI/AAAAAAAAAOM/al_T_kNP-YM/s320/Cansado+Estudiando.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Two: Learning engages the entire physiology.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the physical health of the child -- the amount of sleep, the nutrition -- affects the brain. So do moods. We are physiologically programmed, and we have cycles that have to be honored. An adolescent who does not get enough sleep one night will not absorb much new information the next day. Fatigue will affect the brain's memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=three&gt; Three &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szszn3tli7I/AAAAAAAAAOk/ci69pkEIt4E/s1600-h/Aula+Estimulante.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420983336533593010" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 241px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szszn3tli7I/AAAAAAAAAOk/ci69pkEIt4E/s320/Aula+Estimulante.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Three: The search for meaning is innate.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that we are naturally programmed to search for meaning. This principle is survival oriented. The brain needs and automatically registers the familiar while simultaneously searching for and responding to additional stimuli. What does this mean for education? It means that the learning environment needs to provide stability and familiarity. Provision must be made to satisfy the hunger for novelty, discovery, and challenge. At the same time lessons need to be exciting and meaningful and offer students an abundance of choices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Marian Diamond's work is groundbreaking in the sense that she demonstrates that animals that were in an enriched environment, that is, they had lighted cages, more attention, a chance to play in the fields or jump over hurdles, showed a greater amount of brain cell growth. When the brains of these rats were compared with those of rats that had been in dark cages, had been isolated, and had not had the opportunity to engage in play, the rats from the enriched environment showed cortical changes. They had a larger number of glial cells and also a greater number of connections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoOmsNsbRI/AAAAAAAAAM0/uLkKy4gWxIk/s1600-h/Ni%C3%B1as+Pensando.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420661159360228626" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 277px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoOmsNsbRI/AAAAAAAAAM0/uLkKy4gWxIk/s320/Ni%C3%B1as+Pensando.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;We want to know what things mean to us. In education one of the things we have to allow for is for children to have rich experiences and then give them time and opportunities to make sense of their experiences. They have to have a chance to reflect, to see how things relate. One of the richest sources of learning from the point of view of the brain is the learning that is available to us in these experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=four&gt; Four &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoQH_Xh4yI/AAAAAAAAANE/iU0wb9jccJo/s1600-h/Patrones+Cerebrales.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420662830949065506" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 251px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoQH_Xh4yI/AAAAAAAAANE/iU0wb9jccJo/s320/Patrones+Cerebrales.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Four: The search for meaning occurs through "patterning."&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Patterning refers to the organization and categorization of information. The brain resists having meaningless patterns imposed upon it. By "meaningless" we mean isolated and unrelated pieces of information. When the brain's natural capacity to integrate information is evoked in teaching, vast amounts of seemingly unrelated or random information and activities can be presented and assimilated. The brain tries to make sense of the information by reducing it to familiar patterns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Patterning is everywhere. We want to impose our patterns on what we see, and breaking patterns is very difficult. It's as if we spend the first few years as an open system taking in information and experiences and drawing conclusions, and then the rest of our lives we go around proving that what we learned is in fact so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ideal process in learning is to present information in a way that allows the brain to extract patterns rather than attempt to impose them. The brain is capable of taking in enormous amounts of information when that information is related in a way so the brain can pattern appropriately.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ideas behind thematic teaching and integrated curriculum are based on this principle of looking for patterns and seeing interrelated patterns. One topic can be related to all kinds of different topics, and when we do this, the brain tends to remember many more things. This is a way to teach science, literature and social studies -- to bring them together and teach them meaningfully. Patterning is behind that.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=five&gt; Five &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpPWeLE2DI/AAAAAAAAAN0/7WnjO3a08eU/s1600-h/Estudio+Contento.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420732348969048114" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 157px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 220px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpPWeLE2DI/AAAAAAAAAN0/7WnjO3a08eU/s320/Estudio+Contento.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Five: Emotions are critical to patterning.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the things I would like to erase is this notion of the affective domain, the cognitive domain, and the psychomotor domain. We have been taught that for years even though the evidence from the brain research indicates that this is not the case. In the brain you can't separate out emotion from cognition. It is an interacting web of factors. Everything has some emotion to it. In fact, many brain researchers now believe there is no memory without emotion. Emotions are what motivate us to learn, to create. They are in our moods. They are our passion. They are a part of who we are as human beings. We need to understand more about them and accept them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the problems I have with cognitive psychology is that it tries to explain the role of emotions while adhering to a very traditional scientific model: take it apart, look at the pieces and they will tell you what the whole is about. Try to do that with concepts like love or compassion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szsiw7hlTPI/AAAAAAAAAOU/2SDk7djyOFA/s1600-h/Distraido+en+Clase.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420964800478137586" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 242px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szsiw7hlTPI/AAAAAAAAAOU/2SDk7djyOFA/s320/Distraido+en+Clase.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The other thing that is important in terms of the emotions is that we support each other. We are social creatures. We need each other, and we need social activities. When students in the class are more interested in what Johnny is doing tonight or what Mary is wearing, they are acting out of their social nature. The notion of a community of learners and communities in schools working with each other and learning about communication is very critical. The notion of cooperative learning fits here. We should become skilled at these things because they are innate drives in us. But we need to manage them better.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=six&gt; Six &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpE5equqUI/AAAAAAAAANU/CdkF4C6KLUo/s1600-h/Asimetria+cerebral.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420720855769327938" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpE5equqUI/AAAAAAAAANU/CdkF4C6KLUo/s320/Asimetria+cerebral.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Six: Every brain simultaneously perceives and creates parts and wholes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have visited several neuroscientists across the country to discuss our twelve principles with them. One of the things we found was that they were very hesitant to speak with educators because they were frightened of what we would do with the information. Educators had gone wild with the left brain/right brain research. They had based entire consulting firms on it. But to these neuroscientists we had greatly oversimplified it. So as we went back over the research, we said, "Yes, there is something to the hemispheric theory." However, the real message for us as educators is that we need to engage both sides, which in real life we do anyway. As educators, we want learners to use both the left and right hemispheres; we want whole brain strategies. So the left brain/right brain doctrine has some meaning, but it is most useful as a &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=50141&amp;dict=CALD&amp;topic=figurative-use-of-language"&gt;metaphor &lt;/a&gt;for the fact that the brain processes parts and wholes simultaneously.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain, by Renate Caine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=seven&gt; Seven &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpKMDKrLEI/AAAAAAAAANc/mu1ZKjgi3aE/s1600-h/Mensaje+inconsciente.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420726672362777666" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 223px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpKMDKrLEI/AAAAAAAAANc/mu1ZKjgi3aE/s320/Mensaje+inconsciente.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Seven: Learning involves both focused attention and peripheral perception.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Think about this room. What are the peripheral messages inherent in a room such as this one? What are the messages about how you behave? The peripherals play an important role. Children learn from everything. Everything goes into the brain. In the early years they literally become their experiences. Therefore the environment is very important, and if they learn something in the classroom and never use it outside the classroom, then that learning, those connections, stop there. In other societies, children are immersed in learning in the school, in the home, in the community. Their knowledge is used and is expanded upon. They interact with each other in this rich learning environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=eight&gt; Eight &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpODESWHqI/AAAAAAAAANs/GDJafNuegoY/s1600-h/Aprendizaje+Inconsciente.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420730916091076258" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 230px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpODESWHqI/AAAAAAAAANs/GDJafNuegoY/s320/Aprendizaje+Inconsciente.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Eight: Learning always involves conscious and unconscious processes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We learn much more than we ever consciously understand. Most of the signals that are peripherally perceived enter the brain without our awareness and interact on unconscious levels. This is why we say that learners become their experience and remember what they experience, not just what they are told.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What we call "active processing" allows students to review how and what they've absorbed so they begin to take charge of their learning and of the development of personal meaning. Meaning is not always available on the surface. Meaning often happens intuitively in ways that we don't understand. So that, when we learn, we use both conscious and unconscious processes. In teaching, you may not reach a student immediately, but two years later he may be in another class and say, "I get it now." You are a part of that, but you are no longer present. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=nine&gt; Nine &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpLRmthGBI/AAAAAAAAANk/7UoNbe-FCk8/s1600-h/Sistema+L%C3%ADmbico.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420727867315132434" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 246px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzpLRmthGBI/AAAAAAAAANk/7UoNbe-FCk8/s320/Sistema+L%C3%ADmbico.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Nine: We have at least two types of memory -- a spatial memory system and a set of systems for rote learning.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The spatial memory system (or autobiographical system) does not need rehearsal and allows for instant memory of experiences. It is very important for educators to understand these two systems and how they work. In the taxon memory system, things are learned by rote. We memorize information, but that doesn't mean we can use the information. The taxon system has nothing to do with imagination or creativity. It conforms very readily to the information processing model of memory. With this system, students are motivated by reward and punishment; many trials are usually needed; and the brain is easily fatigued since there is stress on a limited number of brain cells. This is the model schools are based on. We have limited education to "programming" these taxon systems and "teaching to the test." Can you see why people would say that our educational system is based on teaching to the test (and forgetting it afterwards) is not very successful?.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The locale memory system is very global. It doesn't stress one particular area. When you experience something deeply meaningful, you're creating those new connections. Things go in all at once. The locale memory experiences register automatically. It is motivated by novelty, and it's always operating. You can't stop this system and turn on the taxon system by saying, "stop that and memorize this." Memorization is memorization, not learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Learning means that information is related and connected to the learner. If it's not, you have memorization, but you don't have learning. There are still things we have to memorize, things that need to be repeated. Multiplication tables are very useful, but we want to make sure that children understand the concept of multiplication.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The locale memory system puts it all together as a picture. You're not just seeing one piece at a time and adding it together like a mathematical formula and coming up with a whole. That's a big message of brain research: parts are contained in a whole, and the whole has parts. It sounds very simple, but it's not when you start developing lessons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain, by Renate Caine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=ten&gt; Ten &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szx9CoP5LwI/AAAAAAAAAO0/O55HgaHWd-k/s1600-h/Clase+Real.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5421345535564525314" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 270px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szx9CoP5LwI/AAAAAAAAAO0/O55HgaHWd-k/s320/Clase+Real.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Ten: The brain understand and remembers best when facts and skills are embedded in natural spatial memory.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The solution is to embed taxon learning by immersing learners in well-orchestrated, life-like, low-threat, high-challenge learning environments. We need to take the information off the blackboard, to make it come alive in the minds of learners, and to help them to make connections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=eleven&gt; Eleven &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzskR_Ni1HI/AAAAAAAAAOc/czPWcd2KT-I/s1600-h/Aprendiendo+contento.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420966467915142258" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzskR_Ni1HI/AAAAAAAAAOc/czPWcd2KT-I/s320/Aprendiendo+contento.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Eleven: Learning is enhanced by challenge and inhibited by threat.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the classroom, "downshifting" is seen as threat related to a sense of helplessness. It has implications for testing and for grading, for the notion of the teacher as the controller, for empowerment, for performance objectives. The learner must be engaged in learning. Not that we throw performance objectives or tests out, but we need to understand what we are doing to the human brain under these conditions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am doing some research on how certain conditions affect learners, and if you wonder about dropouts, I can give you a formula that will produce some dropouts: the teacher is in control; there are predetermined outcomes; the student is graded with little regard to feedback; and there are timelines on the activity. This will produce some students who will downshift, will dislike learning, and will be totally demotivated. On the other side, students who "ace" this process become test-taking experts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szs05ViqQ6I/AAAAAAAAAOs/OzTg3se_LBs/s1600-h/Hipocampo+amigdala.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420984736110232482" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 242px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Szs05ViqQ6I/AAAAAAAAAOs/OzTg3se_LBs/s320/Hipocampo+amigdala.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The hippocampus, which is located just above your nose and above your ears in the center where they intersect, is part of the limbic system. It has proportionally more receptors for stress hormones than any other portion of the brain. It is also critical in forming new memories and is linked to the indexing function of the brain. It allows us to make connections, to link new knowledge with what is already in the brain. It is like a camera lens, and, under threat related to helplessness, it closes off. We then move back into well-entrenched behaviors. It opens up when we are challenged and are in a state of "relaxed alertness." When the learner is empowered and challenged, you begin to get the maximum possibility for connections. That is why the brain needs stability as well as challenge. If short term stability is lost, then long-term stability must be substituted. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many children come to school downshifted because they come from an environment of threat. There is threat in the home -- threat related to abandonment of one form or another is probably the most destructive of all. Children from a stable home can take a little downshifting in school and are fine. Children that come from a home where there is instability and a sense of abandonment cannot take short-term downshifting. They need more stability in the classroom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzsYbnfAoSI/AAAAAAAAAN8/gswymWPe480/s1600-h/Yoga+en+Ni%C3%B1os.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420953439205105954" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzsYbnfAoSI/AAAAAAAAAN8/gswymWPe480/s320/Yoga+en+Ni%C3%B1os.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Relaxation techniques are the only thing we know that will reverse the stress hormones in the body which result from stress related to threat and accumulate over time. We need to stop the incredible treadmill that we are on. Rest is the basis of activity. Notice how fresh you feel after a vacation. We need to teach our children that learning takes time. And children need to understand their natural rhythms. We need an orderly environment. We need to understand ourselves and our own needs better. We need to acknowledge our need for ritual, for orderliness. Our own rhythms are very fundamental to who we are, and we need to work with them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;A name=twelve&gt; Twelve &lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzsahC7mHvI/AAAAAAAAAOE/jNSgEFK5liA/s1600-h/Einstein+Pensando.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420955731495362290" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 225px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzsahC7mHvI/AAAAAAAAAOE/jNSgEFK5liA/s320/Einstein+Pensando.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle Twelve: Each brain is unique.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This looks at learning styles and unique ways of patterning. We have many things in common, but we also are very, very different. We need to understand how we learn and how we perceive the world and to know that men and women see the world differently. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.talkingpage.org/artic011.html"&gt;http://www.talkingpage.org/artic011.html&lt;/a&gt;" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3631834933124001153?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3631834933124001153/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/12/twelve-principles-for-brain-based.html#comment-form' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3631834933124001153'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3631834933124001153'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/12/twelve-principles-for-brain-based.html' title='The Twelve Principles for Brain-Based Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SzoM7PeRX4I/AAAAAAAAAMc/vvmUldxkKRE/s72-c/Cerebro.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3225455598660680586</id><published>2009-11-28T14:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T12:22:31.031-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>Improve Your Memory (3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SxGZFgjC71I/AAAAAAAAAL0/bSyFelLaAsM/s1600/Mapa+Conceptual.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409272947363999570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 273px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SxGZFgjC71I/AAAAAAAAAL0/bSyFelLaAsM/s320/Mapa+Conceptual.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/11/mejore-su-memoria-3-hay-un-gran-numero.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/11/melhore-sua-memoria-3.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;"Improve Your Memory (3)!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Is it not Better to Learn to Learn?”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There are a great number of techniques to improve memory, but they tend to act on a particular type of memory only, whether through mnemonics, repetitions of the same stimulus, or the creation of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map"&gt;concept maps&lt;/a&gt; (giving meaning to things that they do not necessarily have in order to learn them more easily).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joseph Novak has devoted considerable study to concept maps (see Novak, 2003) who noticed a significant increase in the ability of high school physics students to resolve problems through the use of these &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_map"&gt;concept maps&lt;/a&gt;. This work still lacks a brain imaging study to define the cerebral areas activated during these different processes. Nevertheless, it has been observed that different areas of the brain are activated, depending to whether the subject is a novice or not in the subject concerned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neurological studies are thus still needed to understand how memory works. Considerable individual diversities exist, and the same individuals will use their memory differently throughout the lifespan depending on their age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The science has nevertheless confirmed the role played by physical exercise, &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;the active use of the brain&lt;/span&gt;, and a well-balanced diet (including fatty acids), in developing memory and reducing the risk of degenerative diseases.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Questions relating to the use of memory in current teaching methods and, especially to the critical role played by memory in student evaluation and certification in many &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"&gt;OECD &lt;/a&gt;education systems, will probably have to be reconsidered in the future in light of new neuroscientific discoveries. Many such programmes rely more on memory than comprehension. The question “&lt;strong&gt;Is it not better to learn to learn&lt;/strong&gt;?” cannot be answered through neuroscience but it remains highly pertinent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 121 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3225455598660680586?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3225455598660680586/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3225455598660680586'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3225455598660680586'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-3.html' title='Improve Your Memory (3)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SxGZFgjC71I/AAAAAAAAAL0/bSyFelLaAsM/s72-c/Mapa+Conceptual.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-116979741874006892</id><published>2009-11-22T04:25:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T12:32:00.647-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>Improve Your Memory (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Swkfea5AsOI/AAAAAAAAALs/Qdc1Mi3A46c/s1600/Kasparov+simult%C3%A1neas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5406887435109970146" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Swkfea5AsOI/AAAAAAAAALs/Qdc1Mi3A46c/s320/Kasparov+simult%C3%A1neas.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/11/que-pasa-con-aquellas-personas-que.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/11/melhore-sua-memoria-2.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Improve Your Memory (2)!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Only A few People Have &lt;a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Eidetic"&gt;Eidetic&lt;/a&gt; Memory&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;What about those people who have a visual, almost photographic memory, who are very good at memorising a long list of numbers drawn at random or capable of simultaneously playing several games of chess blindfolded? Researchers have come to attribute these performances to specialised ways of thinking, rather than to a specific type of visual memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DeGroot (1965) took an interest in the great chess masters, getting them to co-operate in experiments where the layout of the chessboard was briefly shown and these excellent players had then to recreate the layout of the pieces. They succeeded at this challenge perfectly, except when the layout shown had no chance of happening during a real game of chess.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The conclusion DeGroot drew was that the ability of the great players to recreate the layout of the chessboard was thus not due to visual memory, but rather to the capacity to mentally organize the information of a game that they knew extremely well. On this view, &lt;strong&gt;the same stimulus is perceived and understood differently depending on the depth of knowledge of the situation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This work notwithstanding, some people do seem to possess an exceptional visual memory, which can keep an image practically intact. This is “&lt;a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Eidetic"&gt;Eidetic&lt;/a&gt; Memory”. Some people can, for example, spell out an entire page written in an unknown language seen only very briefly, as if they had taken a picture of the page. The eidetic image is not formed in the brain like a picture, however – it is not a reproduction but a construction. It takes time to form it and those with this type of memory must look at the image for at least three to five seconds to be able to examine each point. Once this image is formed in the brain, the subjects are able to describe what they saw as if they were looking at what they describe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By contrast, normal subjects without eidetic memory are more hesitant in their description. &lt;strong&gt;It is interesting (and possibly &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=87031&amp;amp;dict=CALD"&gt;unsettling&lt;/a&gt;) to know that a larger proportion of children than adults seem to possess an eidetic memory&lt;/strong&gt;; it seems as if learning, or age, weakens this capacity (Haber and Haber, 1988). These researchers also showed that 2-15% of primary school children have an eidetic memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leask and his colleagues (1969) found that verbalisation while observing an image interfered with the eidetic capture of the image, thus suggesting a possible line of explanation for the loss of &lt;a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Eidetic"&gt;eidetic&lt;/a&gt; memory with age. Kosslyn (1980) also sought to explain this negative correlation between visual memorisation and age. According to his studies, the explanation resides in the fact that adults can encode information using words whereas children have not yet finished developing their verbal aptitudes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is still lack of scientific evidence to confirm or contradict these explanations. Brain imaging studies on this are needed&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, pages 120 - 121 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-116979741874006892?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/116979741874006892/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-2-only-few-people.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/116979741874006892'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/116979741874006892'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-2-only-few-people.html' title='Improve Your Memory (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Swkfea5AsOI/AAAAAAAAALs/Qdc1Mi3A46c/s72-c/Kasparov+simult%C3%A1neas.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5541159285942986864</id><published>2009-11-15T14:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T15:42:50.264-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>Improve Your Memory (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SwB500yAsWI/AAAAAAAAALk/E7BUsJDNAWU/s1600-h/como+memorizar.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5404453501273157986" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SwB500yAsWI/AAAAAAAAALk/E7BUsJDNAWU/s320/como+memorizar.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/11/mejore-su-memoria-la-memoria-es-una.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/11/melhore-sua-memoria-memoria-e-uma.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Improve Your Memory (1)!”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Capacity to Forget is Necessary for Good Memorisation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Memory is an essential function in learning and is also the subject of rich fantasies and distortions. “Improve your memory!” “Increase your memory capacity!” “How to get an exceptional memory fast!” cry the marketing slogans for books and pharmaceutical products.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The slogans are pushed with increased insistence during examination time. Do we now know enough to understand the processes and to envisage the creation of products and methods that improve memorisation?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do we need the same forms of memory today as was called for fifty or a hundred years ago in a world of different skills and professions? Can we talk of different memories – for instance, visual, lexical, or emotional? Do learning methods use the memory in the same way they did fifty years ago? These are relevant questions in this context.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In recent years, the understanding of memory has advanced. &lt;strong&gt;We now know that the memory does not respond only to the type of phenomenon and it is not located in only one part of the brain.&lt;/strong&gt; However, contrary to one popular belief, memory is not infinite and this is because information is stored in neuronal networks, the number of which is itself finite (though enormous). No-one can hope to memorise the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research has also found that the capacity to forget is necessary for good memorisation.&lt;/strong&gt; On this, the case of a patient followed by the neuropsychologist Alexander Luri is enlightening: the patient had a memory that seemed to be infinite but, with no capacity to forget, was incapable of finding a steady job, unless it was as a “memory champion”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems that the forgetting rate of children is the optimal rate to build up an efficient memory (Anderson, 1990). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 120 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5541159285942986864?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5541159285942986864/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-1-memory-is.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5541159285942986864'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5541159285942986864'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/improve-your-memory-1-memory-is.html' title='Improve Your Memory (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SwB500yAsWI/AAAAAAAAALk/E7BUsJDNAWU/s72-c/como+memorizar.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6459892988085498741</id><published>2009-11-01T19:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T15:48:35.347-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Environment and Development of the Brain'/><title type='text'>Nature and Nurture of the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Su3gtuaJNRI/AAAAAAAAALc/HxuxU5ODCtg/s1600-h/Identical+Twins+in+School.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399218604443514130" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Su3gtuaJNRI/AAAAAAAAALc/HxuxU5ODCtg/s320/Identical+Twins+in+School.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/11/naturaleza-y-educacion-del-cerebro.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/11/natureza-e-criacao-do-cerebro.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Nature and Nurture of the Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This could lead to downright disturbing interferences. Is it possible that we are born with genetic predispositions that affect the strength of connection tracts in our brains, and these in turn predetermine - predestine - our abilities for the rest of our lives?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The truth is quite different. Genetic predispositions are just that - tendencies that influence brain growth, not absolutes that dictate it. Indeed, it has routinely been found that the genetic features we are born with are likely to be responsible for about half of the differences between one individual and another - with the other half arising from genetic influences, which include environment, parenting, siblings, peers, school, and nutrition, to name but a few.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comparative studies have been carried out of twins separated at birth, no-twins siblings (biological brothers and sisters), and adoptive siblings. Separated twins shared all genetic features but none their environmental influences; biological siblings share some of their genes and much of their environmental influences, and adoptive siblings share their environment but not genetic material.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Statistically, about half of the similarities among these groups can be accounted for their genetic backgrounds, and the remaining half cannot, and must be attributed to environment. Genetic predisposition is a tendency, but it not clearly a predestination. &lt;strong&gt;It is like that brain pathways are influenced &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;in equal measures&lt;/span&gt; by nature and by nurture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again, the effect may be quite indirect. Studies in identical twins are often interpreted strictly in terms of genes and brains, but of course the twins share body types, hormone levels, visual acuity, an countless other variables, all of which affect the way the world treats them. How a child gets along in school is influenced by their height, weight, athleticism, skin color; and how the child get along will certainly influence his or her mental makeup. This is one reason that some scientists find claims of inheritance of cognitive skills and talents to be only weakly supported.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, brain pathways may underlie the entire diverse spectrum of individual abilities. These pathways, influenced by genes and environment, play apart in specifying differential abilities in music, in athletics, in affability - in a broad range of characteristic that make us who we are. Far from determining a linear ordering of individuals who will "win" or "lost," differential brain paths arrangements can grant a range of talents and gifts, leading in diverse directions, helping to generate populations of individuals each with unique trails to add to human mix. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"BIG BRAIN", The Origins and Future of Human Intelligence, Gary Lynch and Richard Granger, 2008, pages 127 - 128 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6459892988085498741?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6459892988085498741/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/nature-and-nurture-of-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6459892988085498741'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6459892988085498741'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/11/nature-and-nurture-of-brain.html' title='Nature and Nurture of the Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Su3gtuaJNRI/AAAAAAAAALc/HxuxU5ODCtg/s72-c/Identical+Twins+in+School.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3131712323166892806</id><published>2009-10-17T18:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T09:42:00.413-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Childish Brain'/><title type='text'>Get Their Children Interested in Music</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/StpynZaQ-oI/AAAAAAAAALM/Ff2qa1bC6qM/s1600-h/Musica+Desarrollo+Cerebral.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 250px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 228px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393749524891105922" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/StpynZaQ-oI/AAAAAAAAALM/Ff2qa1bC6qM/s320/Musica+Desarrollo+Cerebral.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/10/mantenga-sus-ninos-interesados-en-la.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/10/mantenha-suas-criancas-interessadas-na.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Get Their Children Interested in Music&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All children with normal mental capacities grow up learning to speak and comprehend whatever language their family speaks. Early in life the normal brain develops to a point at which speaking and understanding occur naturally. But reading and writing must be taught.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ability to use language is a unique human capacity. Love and appreciation for the rhythms and tones of music may also be uniquely human, and they may be related to our capacity for language. Evidence for this, described earlier, is that functional imaging studies are now demonstrating that the processing and production of music appear to draw on portions of the “language network” with which neuroscientists are now so familiar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But children do not almost automatically learn (as they do with language) to produce or perform music without special exposure and training. &lt;strong&gt;And we do not yet know how important “&lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity-and-sensitive-periods.html"&gt;critical periods&lt;/a&gt;” are for learning to understand, enjoy, and perform music.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Given this uncertainty, there are many reasons why parents should hedge their bets and give their children early exposure to music. We have already learned that orchestra musicians have more gray matter in their brains than non-musicians.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unlike watching TV, which is passive and sedentary listening to music can be done while children do other activities, such as playing with puzzles or constructing with Legos. This gives them early experience with multitasking and dual processing. They can also sing along with the music that they are hearing, or they can dance to it, thereby exercising multiple networks in their brains.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What should they listen to? A balanced mixture of classical and popular, child-oriented music may be best.&lt;/strong&gt; Why classical? Because it contains complex musical forms and themes that children perceive intuitively long before they can understand them analytically.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What about formal music educations? I personally am a strong advocate for this, and for beginning it at a relatively young age. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_method"&gt;Suzuki music program&lt;/a&gt;, which permits children to learn to play when they are as young as two or three, is outstanding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the youngest it emphasizes strings (usually violin), but piano can also be introduced fairly early. Learning to perform on an instrument teaches many things in addition to music: the discipline of practicing, the joy of accomplishing and progressing, the poise of performing in front others, and the experience of playing in a group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a child matures and is able to play in an orchestra (or a band, for some instruments), the child learns to work as part of a team. And the child’s brain also acquires those synapse-building skills of reading printed music and perceiving visual/spatial relationships.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"The Creating BRAIN", The Neuroscience of Genius, Nancy C. Andreasen, 2005, pages 177 - 178  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3131712323166892806?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3131712323166892806/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/10/get-their-children-interested-in-music.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3131712323166892806'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3131712323166892806'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/10/get-their-children-interested-in-music.html' title='Get Their Children Interested in Music'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/StpynZaQ-oI/AAAAAAAAALM/Ff2qa1bC6qM/s72-c/Musica+Desarrollo+Cerebral.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-860295306004167664</id><published>2009-09-26T07:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-31T16:15:40.886-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adult brain'/><title type='text'>The Brain and the Meeting of Different Cultures</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsiM-Vo_BwI/AAAAAAAAAK8/GXnZhDdTZAg/s1600-h/Immigrante+latina.bmp"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsiM-Vo_BwI/AAAAAAAAAK8/GXnZhDdTZAg/s320/Immigrante+latina.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388711956737623810" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/09/el-cerebro-y-el-encuentro-de-culturas.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/09/o-cerebro-e-o-encontro-de-diferentes.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Brain and the Meeting of Different Cultures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bruce Wexler explores the social implications of the close and changing neurobiological relationship between the individual and the environment, with particular attention to the difficulties individuals face &lt;strong&gt;in adulthood&lt;/strong&gt; when the environment changes beyond their ability to maintain the fit between existing internal structure and external reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These difficulties are evident in:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bereavement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;The meeting of different cultures (the experience of immigrants).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;The phenomenon of interethnic violence.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The experience of immigrants:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;The clue of these difficulties comes from the experience of migrants to a new culture, in who suddenly find themselves in an environment that not match internal structure modeled on the rearing environment in their native land.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;common&lt;/span&gt; response is to recreate a microcopy of their native culture in their home and their friendship circles.&lt;/strong&gt; Still, like bereavement, it is prolonged and difficult struggle to reshape internal structure to match the new, general cultural environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The children of immigrant families are more successful than their parents at the necessary internal transformations, which often leading to heightened and problematic differences between immigrant parents and their children. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Brain And Culture" Neurobiology, Ideology, And Social Change, Bruce E. Wexl, 2006, pages 8 - 9  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-860295306004167664?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/860295306004167664/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/brain-and-meeting-of-different-cultures.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/860295306004167664'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/860295306004167664'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/brain-and-meeting-of-different-cultures.html' title='The Brain and the Meeting of Different Cultures'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsiM-Vo_BwI/AAAAAAAAAK8/GXnZhDdTZAg/s72-c/Immigrante+latina.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8101400396382639045</id><published>2009-09-12T16:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T10:35:23.379-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sqw2g4BrWkI/AAAAAAAAAJo/Yxf1yYKBiVY/s1600-h/learning-chinese%5B1%5D.png"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5380735593224034882" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sqw2g4BrWkI/AAAAAAAAAJo/Yxf1yYKBiVY/s320/learning-chinese%5B1%5D.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/09/el-cerebro-influenciado-por-la_12.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/09/o-cerebro-esta-influenciado-pela.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (2)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The direct addressed route for accessing meaning without sounding words is likely to be less critical in languages with shallow orthographies, such as Italian, than in those with deep orthographies, such as English.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brain research supports the hypothesis that the routes involved differ according to the depth of the orthographical structure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The “visual word form area” (occipital-temporal VWFA) implicated in identifying word meaning based on non-phonological proprieties in English speakers appears to be less critical for Italian speakers (Paulesu et al., 2001a).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, preliminary results suggest that the brain of Italian native speakers employs a more efficient strategy when reading text than that of English native speakers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remarkably, this strategy is used even when Italian native speakers read in English, suggesting that the brain circuitry underlying reading for Italian native speakers develops in a different way than that underlying reading for English native speakers. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 88 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8101400396382639045?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8101400396382639045/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/literacy-development-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8101400396382639045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8101400396382639045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/literacy-development-2.html' title='Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sqw2g4BrWkI/AAAAAAAAAJo/Yxf1yYKBiVY/s72-c/learning-chinese%5B1%5D.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5810919773611502610</id><published>2009-09-05T13:21:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T10:35:55.553-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SqKfZV7GchI/AAAAAAAAAJY/TQ5_DGAXUS4/s1600-h/Learning+Chinese.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378036162764370450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 276px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SqKfZV7GchI/AAAAAAAAAJY/TQ5_DGAXUS4/s320/Learning+Chinese.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/09/el-cerebro-influenciado-por-la.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/09/o-cerebrol-esta-influenciado-pela.html"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;While much of the neural circuitry underlying reading is the same across different languages, there are also some important differences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A central theme concerning the brain and reading is the way that literacy is created though the colonisation of brain structures, including those specialised for language and those best suited to serve other functions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The operations that are common to speech and printed word, such as semantics, syntax, and working memory recruit brain structures which are specialised for language and which are biologically-based and common across languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are biological constraints determining which brain structures are best suited to take on other functions supporting literacy. Therefore, much reading circuitry is shared across languages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Even so, literacy in different languages sometimes requires distinct functions, such as different decoding or word recognition strategies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In these cases, distinct brain structures are often brought into play to support these aspects of reading which are distinctive to these particular languages.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, the dual route theory of reading, which was developed mainly based on research with English speakers, may require modification to describe reading in languages with less complex spelling and orthographic features and it is only partially relevant to non-alphabetic languages. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 88 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5810919773611502610?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5810919773611502610/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/linguistically-mediated-literacy.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5810919773611502610'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5810919773611502610'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/09/linguistically-mediated-literacy.html' title='Linguistically-mediated Literacy Development (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SqKfZV7GchI/AAAAAAAAAJY/TQ5_DGAXUS4/s72-c/Learning+Chinese.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7423559153071796042</id><published>2009-08-15T19:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-07T09:39:01.382-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>The “Dual Route” Theory for Reading</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sods29ro8gI/AAAAAAAAAJI/HrieH8RkgBc/s1600-h/Broca+%26+Wernicke2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5370380772188942850" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 220px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 220px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sods29ro8gI/AAAAAAAAAJI/HrieH8RkgBc/s320/Broca+%26+Wernicke2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/08/la-teoria-de-la-doble-ruta-de-la.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/08/teoria-via-dupla-da-leitura.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The “Dual Route” Theory for Reading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The most comprehensive and well-supported model of reading to date is the “&lt;strong&gt;Dual Route&lt;/strong&gt;” theory (Jobard, Crivello and Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003). This theory provides a framework for describing reading in the brain at the level of the word.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As you look at the words on this page, this stimulus is first processed by the primary visual cortex. Then, pre-lexical processing occurs at the left occipito-temporal junction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dual route theory posits that processing then follows one of two complementary pathways. The assembled pathway involves an intermediate step of grapho-phonological conversion – converting letters/words into sounds – which occurs in certain left temporal and frontal areas, including &lt;strong&gt;Broca’s area&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The addressed pathway consists of a direct transfer of information from pre-lexical processing to meaning (semantic access). Both pathways terminate in the left basal temporal area, the left interior frontal gyrus, and the left posterior middle gyrus, or&lt;strong&gt; Wernicke’s area&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pathway involving direct access to meaning has led to the proposal of a “visual word form area” (VWFA) at the ventral junction between the occipital and temporal lobes. This area was first proposed to contain a visual lexicon or collection of words which functions to immediately identify whole words when they are seen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recent research has suggested a modified conclusion that this region may actually consist of constellations of adjacent areas sensitive to various aspects of letter strings, such as length or order of words. The entire process from visual processing (seeing) to semantic retrieval (understanding) occurs very rapidly, all within about 600 mili-seconds.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 87  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7423559153071796042?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7423559153071796042/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/08/dual-route-theory-for-reading-most.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7423559153071796042'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7423559153071796042'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/08/dual-route-theory-for-reading-most.html' title='The “Dual Route” Theory for Reading'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sods29ro8gI/AAAAAAAAAJI/HrieH8RkgBc/s72-c/Broca+%26+Wernicke2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-270349604187066575</id><published>2009-08-01T11:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T13:41:22.445-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Literacy Being Built “on Top of” Language</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SnSSRiq24BI/AAAAAAAAAJA/z6CNwT3RnT8/s1600-h/Writiing+Child.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5365073886167097362" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 246px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SnSSRiq24BI/AAAAAAAAAJA/z6CNwT3RnT8/s320/Writiing+Child.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/08/la-alfabetizacion-esta-construyendo-lo.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/08/alfabetizacao-esta-sendo-construida-na.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Literacy Being Built “on Top of” Language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;While the brain is not necessarily biologically inclined to acquire literacy, it is biologically inclined to adapt to experience. It is, for instance, endowed with language circuitry capable of processing visual input.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The brain’s plastic capacities of adaptability enable the stimuli coming from experience to utilise language structures when constructing the neural circuitry capable of supporting literacy.&lt;/strong&gt; This is often expressed as literacy being built “on top of” language. In the terms of Vygotsky’s classic metaphor, language structures provide scaffolding for literacy to be constructed in the brain (Vygotsky, 1978).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since literacy is built, in part, with language circuitry, future research should investigate the possibility that developmental sensitivities for certain aspects of language acquisition influence the facility with which the different aspects of reading are acquired.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If such influences were identified, this would have implications for educational policy and practice regarding the timeframe for teaching different literacy skills, and could well reinforce the importance of developing pre-literacy skills in early&lt;br /&gt;childhood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Research aimed at delineating the cortical areas supporting reading is rapidly accumulating. The most comprehensive and well-supported model of reading to date is the “dual route” theory (Jobard, Crivello and Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 87  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-270349604187066575?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/270349604187066575/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/08/literacy-being-built-on-top-of-language.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/270349604187066575'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/270349604187066575'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/08/literacy-being-built-on-top-of-language.html' title='Literacy Being Built “on Top of” Language'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SnSSRiq24BI/AAAAAAAAAJA/z6CNwT3RnT8/s72-c/Writiing+Child.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-9094953314188727530</id><published>2009-07-25T16:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T13:30:11.358-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Literacy in the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SmuUDULviwI/AAAAAAAAAI4/6NbidQtJ78w/s1600-h/Dificuldades+de+Aprendizagem.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5362542565993188098" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 312px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 207px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SmuUDULviwI/AAAAAAAAAI4/6NbidQtJ78w/s320/Dificuldades+de+Aprendizagem.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/07/alfabetizacion-del-cerebro-en-contraste.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/07/alfabetizacao-do-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Literacy in the Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In contrast to language, there are no brain structures designed by evolution to acquire literacy. Experience does not trigger a set of biologically-inclined processes leading to literacy, as in the case of language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Instead, experience progressively creates the capacity for literacy in the brain through cumulative neural modifications, expressed by Pinker (1995) as “Children are wired for sound, but print is an optional accessory that must be painstakingly bolted on”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The crucial role of experience in building neural circuitry capable of supporting literacy suggests that attention needs to be given to differences in the degree to which early home environments provide a foundation of pre-literacy skills.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For example, Hart and Risley (2003) report that the sheer number of words that American children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds were exposed to by the age of 3 lagged behind that of non-disadvantaged children by 30 million word occurrences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Such limited exposure &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;could be insufficient&lt;/span&gt; to support the development of pre-literacy skills in the brain&lt;/strong&gt;, thereby chronically impeding later reading skills. These children may well be capable of catching up through later experience, but the reality is that they very often do not (Wolf, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, of policy relevance from this work: Initiatives aimed at ensuring that all children have sufficient opportunities to develop pre-literacy skills in early childhood are essential. &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 86  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-9094953314188727530?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/9094953314188727530/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/literacy-in-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/9094953314188727530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/9094953314188727530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/literacy-in-brain.html' title='Literacy in the Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SmuUDULviwI/AAAAAAAAAI4/6NbidQtJ78w/s72-c/Dificuldades+de+Aprendizagem.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1079607234774700700</id><published>2009-07-15T06:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T10:45:17.160-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Language and Developmental Sensitivities: Begin Early (4)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sl3iAsgyfUI/AAAAAAAAAIs/wuYbQThK5sc/s1600-h/Aprendiendo+Temprano.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5358687633217322306" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 220px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 308px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sl3iAsgyfUI/AAAAAAAAAIs/wuYbQThK5sc/s320/Aprendiendo+Temprano.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/07/cuanto-mas-temprano-mas-eficaz-y.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/07/quanto-mais-cedo-mais-eficaz-e.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Language and Developmental Sensitivities (4)&lt;br /&gt;Begin Early&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The earlier foreign language instruction begins, the more efficient and effective it is likely to be.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In addition, there is a sensitive period for acquiring the accent of a language (Neville and Bruer, 2001). This aspect of phonological processing is most effectively learned before 12 years of age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Developmental sensitivities are for very specific linguistic functions, however, and there are other aspects of phonology which do not seem even to have a sensitive period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In sum, there is an inverse relationship between age and the effectiveness of learning many aspects of language – in general, the younger the age of exposure, the more successful the language learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, for early instruction to be effective, it must be age-appropriate. It would not be useful to take rule-based methods designed for older students and insert them into early childhood classrooms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is necessary, in other words, that early foreign language instruction is appropriately designed for young children.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Although the early learning of language is most efficient and effective, it is important to note that it &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;is possible to learn language throughout the lifespan&lt;/span&gt;: adolescents and adults can also learn a foreign language, albeit with greater difficulty.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, if they are immersed in a new language environment, they can learn the language “very well”, though particular aspects, such as accent, may never develop as completely as they would have done if the language had been learned earlier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are also individual differences such that the degree and duration of developmental sensitivities vary from one individual to the next. &lt;strong&gt;Some individuals are able to master almost all aspects of a foreign language into adulthood. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 86 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1079607234774700700?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1079607234774700700/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/earlier-beginnings-is-more-efficient.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1079607234774700700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1079607234774700700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/earlier-beginnings-is-more-efficient.html' title='Language and Developmental Sensitivities: Begin Early (4)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sl3iAsgyfUI/AAAAAAAAAIs/wuYbQThK5sc/s72-c/Aprendiendo+Temprano.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-108840052736495672</id><published>2009-07-09T10:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T10:46:19.117-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Grammar and Its Developmental Sensitivities (3)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SlYmswjvK0I/AAAAAAAAAIk/QXVmQPlXryI/s1600-h/Children+Learning.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5356511357194677058" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SlYmswjvK0I/AAAAAAAAAIk/QXVmQPlXryI/s320/Children+Learning.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/07/la-gramatica-y-su-periodo-sensible-3.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/07/gramatica-y-seu-periodo-sensivel-3.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Language and Developmental Sensitivities (3)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grammar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There is also a developmental sensitivity for learning the &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=34070&amp;amp;dict=CALD"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;grammar&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;of a language: the earlier a language is learned, the more efficiently the brain can master its grammar (Neville and Bruer, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the brain is exposed to a foreign language between 1 and 3 years of age, grammar is processed by the left hemisphere as in a native speaker but even delaying learning until between 4 and 6 years of age means that the brain processes grammatical information with both hemispheres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the initial exposure occurs at the ages of 11, 12 or 13 years, corresponding to the early stage of secondary schooling, brain imaging studies reveal an aberrant activation pattern.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Delaying exposure to language therefore leads the brain to use a &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;different strategy&lt;/span&gt; for processing grammar.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is consistent with behavioural findings that later exposure to a second language results in significant deficits in grammatical processing (Fledge and Fletcher, 1992)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pattern seems thus to be that early exposure to grammar leads to a highly effective processing strategy, in contrast with alternative, and less efficient, processing strategies associated with later exposure. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, pages 85 - 86 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-108840052736495672?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/108840052736495672/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/grammar-and-developmental-sensitivities.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/108840052736495672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/108840052736495672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/grammar-and-developmental-sensitivities.html' title='Grammar and Its Developmental Sensitivities (3)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SlYmswjvK0I/AAAAAAAAAIk/QXVmQPlXryI/s72-c/Children+Learning.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-4731939639958455980</id><published>2009-07-02T06:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-17T10:34:24.381-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Phonetic and Its Developmental Sensitivities (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sky9brkj60I/AAAAAAAAAIc/eEa47gzCtHg/s1600-h/Aprendiendo+a+hablar.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 142px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 175px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353862340286868290" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sky9brkj60I/AAAAAAAAAIc/eEa47gzCtHg/s320/Aprendiendo+a+hablar.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/07/el-lenguaje-y-los-periodos-sensibles-2.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/07/linguagem-e-os-periodos-sensiveis-2.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Language and Developmental Sensitivities (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Phonetic &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There are developmental sensitivities (the windows of learning opportunity) as language circuits are most receptive to particular experience-dependent modifications at certain stages of the individual’s development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Newborns are born with an ability to discern subtle &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define_b.asp?key=59427&amp;amp;dict=CALD"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;phonetic&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;changes along a continuous range, but experience with a particular language in the first ten months renders the brain sensitive to sounds relevant to that language (Gopnik, Meltzoff and Kuhl, 1999). For example, the consonant sounds &lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt; occur along a continuous spectrum, and all newborns hear the sounds this way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The brains of babies immersed in an English-speaking environment, however, are gradually modified to perceive this continuous spectrogram as two distinct categories, &lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt;. A prototypical representation of each phoneme is developed, and incoming sounds are matched to these representations and sorted as either &lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Babies immersed in a Japanese-speaking environment, by contrast, do not form these prototypes as this distinction is not relevant to Japanese. Instead, they form prototypes of sounds relevant to Japanese, and actually lose the ability to discriminate between &lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt; by ten months of age. This phenomenon occurs for varied sound distinctions across many languages (Gopnik, Meltzoff and Kuhl, 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, the brain is &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;optimally&lt;/span&gt; suited to acquire the sound prototypes of languages to which it is exposed &lt;span style="color:#990000;"&gt;in the first ten months from birth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 85 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-4731939639958455980?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/4731939639958455980/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/language-and-developmental.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4731939639958455980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4731939639958455980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/07/language-and-developmental.html' title='Phonetic and Its Developmental Sensitivities (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sky9brkj60I/AAAAAAAAAIc/eEa47gzCtHg/s72-c/Aprendiendo+a+hablar.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-804461722559369899</id><published>2009-06-27T06:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T10:47:45.240-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Language and Developmental Sensitivities (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SkYbWM6FV7I/AAAAAAAAAIU/2c4srQjbSsc/s1600-h/Broca+and+Wernicke.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5351995275412330418" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 284px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SkYbWM6FV7I/AAAAAAAAAIU/2c4srQjbSsc/s320/Broca+and+Wernicke.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/el-lenguaje-y-las-sensibilidades.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/linguagem-e-as-sensibilidades.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Language and Developmental Sensitivities (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Language’s Areas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The brain is biologically primed to acquire language. Chomsky (1959) proposed that the brain is equipped with a recipe for making sequences of sound into representations of meaning that is analogous to the system for translating sensory information into representations of objects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That is, the brain is designed through evolution to process certain stimuli according to universal language rules. There are indeed brain structures specialised for language: research has stablished the role played by the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left posterior middle gyrus (Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, respectively).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Broca’s area, long understood as implicated in language production, is now associated with a broader range of linguistic functions&lt;/strong&gt; (Bookheimer, 2002). &lt;strong&gt;Wernicke’s area is involved in semantics &lt;/strong&gt;(Bookheimer et al., 1998; Thompson-Schill et al., 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Critically, these structures are for higher levels of processing, and therefore are not restricted to the simpler processing of incoming auditory stimuli – hearing per se. Visual information can also be processed linguistically, as in the case of sign language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though certain brain structures are biologically primed for language, the process of language acquisition needs the catalyst of experience.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 85 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-804461722559369899?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/804461722559369899/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/language-and-developmental.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/804461722559369899'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/804461722559369899'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/language-and-developmental.html' title='Language and Developmental Sensitivities (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SkYbWM6FV7I/AAAAAAAAAIU/2c4srQjbSsc/s72-c/Broca+and+Wernicke.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7501170500017270199</id><published>2009-06-15T19:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T16:51:31.222-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Read Requires Complex Skills (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SjcCDwU4K8I/AAAAAAAAAIM/irr-f-e36Qc/s1600-h/Child+Reading.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347745346061085634" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 253px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 244px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SjcCDwU4K8I/AAAAAAAAAIM/irr-f-e36Qc/s320/Child+Reading.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/leer-requiere-de-habilidades-complejas.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/aprender-ler-requer-de-complexas.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learning to Read Requires Complex Skills (2)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Learning to Read Requires the semantic knowledge of word meanings. More than this, knowledge of syntactic rules governing the arrangements of words to show their relations to each other is also critical to meaning: Orsino loves Olivia does not mean the same thing as Olivia loves Orsino.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And more even than all this, &lt;strong&gt;each word must be integrated with previously-read words, which requires the co-ordination of different component functions and a working memory system.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The neural circuitry underlying literacy, which calls for all these skills, is guided by the interaction and synergy between the brain and experience, and hence the applicability of a dynamic developmental framework, such as skill theory, to the understanding of literacy (Fischer, Immordino-Yang and Waber, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Skill theory recognises that reading proficiency can be reached through multiple developmental pathways. Through this lens, neuroscience can enable the design of more effective and inclusive reading instruction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, pages 84 - 85 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7501170500017270199?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7501170500017270199/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/learning-to-read-requires-of-collection_15.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7501170500017270199'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7501170500017270199'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/learning-to-read-requires-of-collection_15.html' title='Read Requires Complex Skills (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SjcCDwU4K8I/AAAAAAAAAIM/irr-f-e36Qc/s72-c/Child+Reading.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1315620173155950205</id><published>2009-06-15T18:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T16:53:55.630-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Read Requires Complex Skills (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sjb72AZvYZI/AAAAAAAAAIE/_UCIiUidiWQ/s1600-h/Lectura+en+NiÃ±os.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347738512788513170" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 290px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sjb72AZvYZI/AAAAAAAAAIE/_UCIiUidiWQ/s320/Lectura+en+Ni%C3%B1os.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/leer-requiere-habilidades-complejas-1.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/ler-requer-de-complexas-competencias-1.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learning to Read Requires Complex Skills (1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Learning to read requires the mastery of a collection of complex skills. First, the knowledge of morphology – the forms of either letters of an alphabet, syllabic symbols, or ideograms – must be acquired.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then, orthographic symbols must be understood as the labels – spelling – that can be mapped onto sounds, without which the alphabetic symbols on this page would remain arbitrary shapes. Moreover, an understanding of phonetics – mapping words to sounds – is a vital, but by itself insufficient, tool for decoding words.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In alphabetic languages with deep orthographies, such as English or French, graphemephoneme combinations are variable, with English having the highest degree of “irregular” representation among alphabetic languages, at more than a thousand possible letter combinations used to represent the 42 sounds of the language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reading, particularly in languages with deep orthographies, therefore involves the use of supplementary strategies in addition to the phonological decoding of symbols into sounds. &lt;/strong&gt;These strategies include using context clues, recognising whole words, and noticing partial-word analogies such as ate common to both “late” and “gate”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, once a word has been decoded, understanding the meaning of the text requires additional skills.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 84 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1315620173155950205?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1315620173155950205/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/learning-to-read-requires-of-collection.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1315620173155950205'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1315620173155950205'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/learning-to-read-requires-of-collection.html' title='Read Requires Complex Skills (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sjb72AZvYZI/AAAAAAAAAIE/_UCIiUidiWQ/s72-c/Lectura+en+Ni%C3%B1os.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8062145363615997334</id><published>2009-06-09T12:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T16:57:15.799-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si65BwC2SgI/AAAAAAAAAH8/ioCBE4yF4-s/s1600-h/revista-maringa[1].jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345413247463213570" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 205px; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si65BwC2SgI/AAAAAAAAAH8/ioCBE4yF4-s/s320/revista-maringa%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/cuando-el-cerebro-no-puede-aprende-leer_14.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/quando-o-cerebro-nao-pode-aprender-ler_15.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (2)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;What is it about the dyslexic brain seems linked in some people to unparalleled creativity in their professions, which often involve design, spatial skills, and the recognition of patterns? Was the differently organised brain of a person with dyslexia better suited for the demands of the preliterate past, with its emphasis on building and exploring?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will individuals with dyslexia be even better suited to the visual, technology-dominated future?&lt;/strong&gt; Is the most current imaging and genetic research giving us the outlines of a very unusual brain organisation in some persons with dyslexia that ultimately explain both their known weaknesses and our steadily growing understand of their strengths?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Questions about the brain of a person with dyslexia lead us to look both backward to our evolutionary past forward to the future development. What is being lost and what is being gained for so many young people who have largely replace the books with the multidimensional “continuous partial attentions” culture of the Internet?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What are the implications of seemingly limitless of information for the evolution of the reading brain and for us as a species? Does the rapid almost instantaneous presentation of expansive information threaten the more time-demanding formation of in-depth knowledge?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently, Edward Tenner, who writes about technology, asked whether Google promotes a form of information illiteracy and whether may be unintended negative consequences of such a model of learning": It would be a shame if a brilliant technology were to end up threatening the kind of intellect that produced it. ”Reflect on such questions underscores the value of the intellectual skills facilitate through the literacy that we do not wish to lose, just when we appear poised to replaced them with other skills. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Proust and the Squid", The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, Maryanne Wolf, 2007, pages 9 - 10 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8062145363615997334?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8062145363615997334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/when-brain-cannot-learn-to-read-2.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8062145363615997334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8062145363615997334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/when-brain-cannot-learn-to-read-2.html' title='When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si65BwC2SgI/AAAAAAAAAH8/ioCBE4yF4-s/s72-c/revista-maringa%5B1%5D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2789972511465968563</id><published>2009-06-09T11:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T16:57:55.147-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si6yPk1ea1I/AAAAAAAAAH0/6Ljx3iaF-mo/s1600-h/Dislexia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345405788391107410" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 223px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si6yPk1ea1I/AAAAAAAAAH0/6Ljx3iaF-mo/s320/Dislexia.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/cuando-el-cerebro-no-puede-aprende-leer.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/quando-o-cerebro-nao-pode-aprender-ler.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Knowledge about reading failure provides a different angle on this knowledge base, with some surprises for anyone who looks there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why so many children with dyslexia, have difficulty not only with reading but also with seemingly simple linguistic behaviours like discriminating individual sound or phonemes within words, or quickly retrieving the name of a colour. &lt;strong&gt;By tracking activity in the brain as it performs these various behaviours in normal development and in dyslexia, we are constructing living maps of the neural landscape.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The surprises on this landscape increase daily. Recent advances in neuroimaging research begin to paint a different picture of the brain of a person with dyslexia that may have enormous implication for future research, and particularly for intervention. Understanding these advances can make the difference between having a huge number of our future citizens poised to contribute to society and having a huge number who cannot contribute what they could otherwise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Connecting what we know about the typical child`s development to what we know about impediment in reading can help us reclaim the lost potential of millions of children, many of whom have strengths that could light up our lives.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For we are also in the exciting early stages of understanding the title-studied that accompany the brain development of some persons with dyslexia. It is no longer reducible to coincidence that so many inventors, artists, architects, computer designers, radiologist, and financiers have a childhood history of dyslexia. The inventors Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, the artists Leonardo da Vinci and Auguste Rodin are all extraordinarily successful individuals with a history of dyslexia or related reading disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Proust and the Squid", The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, Maryanne Wolf, 2007, pages 9 - 10 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2789972511465968563?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2789972511465968563/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/when-brain-cannot-learn-to-read.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2789972511465968563'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2789972511465968563'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/when-brain-cannot-learn-to-read.html' title='When the Brain Cannot Learn To Read (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Si6yPk1ea1I/AAAAAAAAAH0/6Ljx3iaF-mo/s72-c/Dislexia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3846929933800207145</id><published>2009-06-02T12:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T13:57:07.043-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>We Were Never Born to Read</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SiWEoj_m1BI/AAAAAAAAAHs/kGHbAdOs_kM/s1600-h/Baby+Read.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5342822365336622098" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 300px; height: 318px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SiWEoj_m1BI/AAAAAAAAAHs/kGHbAdOs_kM/s320/Baby+Read.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/06/nunca-fuimos-programados-para-leer.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/06/nunca-fomos-programados-para-ler.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;We Were Never Born to Read&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Human Beings invented reading only a few thousand years ago. &lt;strong&gt;And with this invention, we rearranged the very organization of our brain,&lt;/strong&gt; which in turn expanded the ways we were able to think, which altered the intellectual evolution of our species.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reading is one of the single most remarkable inventions in history; the ability to record history is one of its consequences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our ancestor invention could about only because of the brain’s extraordinary ability to make new connections among its existing structures, a process made possible by the brain’s ability to be shaped by experience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This plasticity at the heart of the brain’s design forms the basis for much of who we are, and who we might become. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "Proust and the Squid", The Story and Science of the Reading, Brain, Maryanne Wolf, 2007, page 4  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3846929933800207145?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3846929933800207145/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/we-were-never-born-to-read.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3846929933800207145'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3846929933800207145'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/06/we-were-never-born-to-read.html' title='We Were Never Born to Read'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SiWEoj_m1BI/AAAAAAAAAHs/kGHbAdOs_kM/s72-c/Baby+Read.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2506764517773978079</id><published>2009-05-26T16:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T14:09:50.704-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Environment and Development of the Brain'/><title type='text'>E-Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Shx31QBslFI/AAAAAAAAAHk/zISy4Jewfo0/s1600-h/e-learning-by-humanext-320.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340275014873420882" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 282px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Shx31QBslFI/AAAAAAAAAHk/zISy4Jewfo0/s320/e-learning-by-humanext-320.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/05/e-learning.html"&gt;Español &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/english-e-learning-es-un-termino-que-se.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E-Learning &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Is a term used to cover a range of online methods of delivering material and resources for learning. System for computer-aided assessment may be provided in addition. You may be given online access to all these facilities via portal, which you may able to customise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That systems offer you many useful facilities and capacity to access course material at a time and place of your choosing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Definitions: E-Learning Terminology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blended Learning: &lt;/strong&gt;A mix of e-learning and traditional teaching methods.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Computer-aided Assessment (CAA): &lt;/strong&gt;Tests and exams delivered (and marked) using software. If delivered via web, also know as &lt;strong&gt;Online Assessment (OA).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Computer-based Learning (CBL):&lt;/strong&gt; Software-driven interactive learning activity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Portal: &lt;/strong&gt;A web-based gateway to various useful web services, from learning enviroment to online news.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Effective E-Learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;There are four basic requirements if you are to make the most of your e-learning opportunties:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;You must have access to the Web through a reasonably speedy link.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;You will require basic Information Tecnology &lt;strong&gt;(IT)&lt;/strong&gt; skills to navigate websites and manipulate files.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;You will need to make frequent visits to your portal or Virtual Learning Environment &lt;strong&gt;(VLE)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;You should participate actively.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Minimun IT Competences for E-Learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;These include basic skills with:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Keyboard and mouse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;File management.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Word-processing and printing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Use of a web browser.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Web searching.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Depending on your subject, you may also requiere knowledge of programs such spreadsheets, databases and computer languages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "The SMATER STUDENT", Skills and Strategies for Success at University, Kathleen MacMillan and Jonathan Weyers, 2006, page 186  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2506764517773978079?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2506764517773978079/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/e-learning.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2506764517773978079'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2506764517773978079'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/e-learning.html' title='E-Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Shx31QBslFI/AAAAAAAAAHk/zISy4Jewfo0/s72-c/e-learning-by-humanext-320.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1388497478415249378</id><published>2009-05-20T08:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T14:14:08.048-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gender of The Brain'/><title type='text'>When you Learn, Do NOT Care the Gender</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ShQp8DyxFHI/AAAAAAAAAHc/1SF1DyzDJuk/s1600-h/SuperStock_1439R-1094631%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337937570128008306" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 240px; height: 320px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ShQp8DyxFHI/AAAAAAAAAHc/1SF1DyzDJuk/s320/SuperStock_1439R-1094631%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/05/al-aprender-no-importa-el-genero.html"&gt;Español&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/quando-voce-aprende-nao-se-importa-o.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;When you Learn, &lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;Do NOT&lt;/span&gt; Care the Gender &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment"&gt;The 2003 PISA study&lt;/a&gt; is only one of the latest to reveal gender-related learning and educational achievement differences. Far more questionable are the works which have appeared over recent years claiming to be inspired by scientific findings apparently to show that men and women think differently due to a different brain development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Titles like "Why Men Don’t Listen and Women Can’t Read Maps" have become popular reading. How much is this founded on sound research? Is there a “feminine brain” and a “masculine brain”? Should teaching styles be shaped according to gender?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are functional and morphological differences between the male and female brain. The male brain is larger, for instance, and when it comes to language, the relevant areas of the brain are more strongly activated in females. But determining what these differences mean is extremely difficult.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;No study to date has shown gender-specific processes involved in building up neuronal networks during learning&lt;/span&gt;; this is another candidate for additional research.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The terms “feminine brain” and “masculine brain” refer to “ways of being” described in cognitive terms rather than to any biological reality. Baron-Cohen, who uses these expressions to describe autism and related disorders (2003), believes that men tend to be more “methodical” (ability to understand mechanical systems) and women better communicators (ability to communicate and understand others), and he suggests that autism can be understood as an extreme form of the “masculine brain”. But he does not propose that men and women have radically different brains nor that autistic women have a masculine brain. He employs the terms “masculine and feminine brain” to refer to particular cognitive profiles, which is an unfortunate choice of terminology if it contributes to distorted ideas concerning the workings of the brain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even if it were established that, &lt;strong&gt;on average,&lt;/strong&gt; a girl’s brain makes her less capable of learning mathematics, would this be grounds to propose education specialised to these differences? If the goal of education were to produce intensely specialised human beings, then the question may be worth at least considering but so long as its most important role continues to be to create citizens with a basic culture, such a question loses its relevance for educational policy. Where differences can be shown to exist, they will be small and based on averages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The much more important individual variations &lt;/strong&gt;are such as to rule out being able to know if a young girl, taken at random, will be less capable of learning a particular subject than a young boy taken at random, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, pages 117 - 118  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1388497478415249378?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1388497478415249378/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/when-you-learn-do-not-care-gender.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1388497478415249378'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1388497478415249378'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/when-you-learn-do-not-care-gender.html' title='When you Learn, Do NOT Care the Gender'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ShQp8DyxFHI/AAAAAAAAAHc/1SF1DyzDJuk/s72-c/SuperStock_1439R-1094631%5B1%5D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-4204762573690207811</id><published>2009-05-11T09:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T16:59:00.389-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gender of The Brain'/><title type='text'>Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SghTSFnP9VI/AAAAAAAAAHU/CBdTJhl0fZ8/s1600-h/21st+Century+BRAIN.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5334605328829904210" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 214px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SghTSFnP9VI/AAAAAAAAAHU/CBdTJhl0fZ8/s320/21st+Century+BRAIN.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/05/sexos-distintos-cerebros-diferentes-2.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/desenvolvendo-diferenca-sexo-genero-2.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;What differences do such normal or abnormal patterns make to brain development? As I have said, on average, males tend to have slightly heavier brains than females. On the other hand, female babies tend to be "more advanced" in terms of behaviour and functional capacity at birth than do males.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During post-natal development other tiny differences in brain structure appear. Although the two cerebral hemispheres appear identical in size and shape, there are small asymmetries, and male brains tend to be more asymmetric than female.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are also claimed to be differences in structure and size in regions of the hypothalamus and corpus callosum. This is not surprisingly, a fiercely disputed area, because of the way in which both similarities and differences can be appropriated (or misappropriated) to claim explanatory power in explaining the persistence of the domination of men in a patriarchal society and I will return to in later chapters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is well known that certain traits, such as colour-blindness and haemophilia, can be carried through the female but are only expressed in the male, a consequence statement is &lt;strong&gt;that all human brains begin as female,&lt;/strong&gt; and that some "become masculinised" during foetal development, a "masculinisation" for which a chromosomal difference is necessary but not sufficient.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A key to this "masculinisation" is the hormone testosterone. Popularly, testosterone is the "male" hormone, oestrogen the female. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, in reality testosterone and oestrogen are produced and responded to by both males and females; it is only the proportions that differ, testosterone being on average present in higher concentration in males. Neither hormone is actually made in the brain, but both can enter through the blood stream, and there are receptors on neuronal membranes in the hypothalamus and other brain regions that recognise the hormones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What "masculinises" the otherwise female brain is a surge of testosterone production occurring between eight and twenty-for weeks into pregnancy.&lt;/strong&gt; This is part of the process of differentiation between male and female brains, with characteristic average differences appearing in the distribution of neuronal receptors for the hormones. The existence of receptors in the brain for testosterone and oestrogen produced in other regions also illustrates the importance of the multiple brain-body interactions mentioned earlier on this chapter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The sex hormones are not the only steroids that affect brain processes and they are also closely chemically related to the brain’s own equivalent of steroid hormones, the neuroesteroids, which act a bit like &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor"&gt;BDNF &lt;/a&gt;(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and other growth factors, but which are present prior to birth in different concentrations in male an female brains.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These complex hormonal interactions, occurring even pre-natally, are but one of many reasons why it is not possible simply to "read off" average differences between boys and girls, men and women as "causes by genetic and chromosomal sex differences, and why the relationship between understanding gender has been so tricky.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Such differences are indeed average, and &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;there is considerable variation,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; which is just part of the problem of attempting to reduce human differences in sex and gender (and still more in sexual orientation) to simple statements about chromosomes, hormones, or any other unilinear "biological" measure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"THE 21st-Century BRAIN", Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind, Steven Rose, 2005, pages 81 - 83 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-4204762573690207811?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/4204762573690207811/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/developing-difference-sexgender-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4204762573690207811'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/4204762573690207811'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/developing-difference-sexgender-2.html' title='Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (2)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SghTSFnP9VI/AAAAAAAAAHU/CBdTJhl0fZ8/s72-c/21st+Century+BRAIN.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5469047562417567394</id><published>2009-05-10T06:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T06:20:02.184-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gender of The Brain'/><title type='text'>Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TBjOh77o9qI/AAAAAAAAAVc/TBap-tvrtqI/s1600/Cerebros+y+Genero.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 236px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TBjOh77o9qI/AAAAAAAAAVc/TBap-tvrtqI/s320/Cerebros+y+Genero.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5483359628742424226" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/05/sexos-distintos-cerebros-diferentes.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/desenvolvendo-diferenca-sexo-genero-1.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Despite the opening paragraphs of this chapter which talked of both similarities and differences, the story so far has been a universalistic one, of generic "normal" brain development. &lt;strong&gt;But brains develop differently from one another even in the womb. &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;Each is unique&lt;/span&gt;, genetically and environmentally, even prior to birth as the foetus begins the task of self-construction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The general pattern of neuronal wiring, of synaptic connections, of cortical sulci and gyri, of modular neuronal columns is universal, but the specificities are individual, the constructs of every about-to-be-human foetus’s developing lifeline.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The complexities of interpreting such differences are of course the stuff of controversy, none greater than that surrounding sex and gender, insofar as these can be disentangled. After all, "boy or girl?" is likely to be the second question asked by the parents of any newborn baby, although the answer isn’t necessarily as straight forward as it sometimes seems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sex (as opposed to gender) begins at conception.&lt;/strong&gt; Of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes containing the DNA we inherit, one pair differs from the start. In normal development, females have a pair of X chromosomes, males one X and one Y.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So the patterns of genetic inheritance also vary between the sexes from the outset&lt;/strong&gt;. (There are also some abnormal patterns of inheritance such as Turner’s Syndrome, where a female inherits only one X chromosome, and XYY, in which males inherit an extra Y.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "THE 21st-Century BRAIN", Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind, Steven Rose, 2005, pages 81 - 83  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5469047562417567394?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5469047562417567394/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/developing-difference-sexgender-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5469047562417567394'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5469047562417567394'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/05/developing-difference-sexgender-1.html' title='Developing Difference: Sex/Gender (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/TBjOh77o9qI/AAAAAAAAAVc/TBap-tvrtqI/s72-c/Cerebros+y+Genero.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3419009923014481762</id><published>2009-04-22T21:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-03T09:23:28.201-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gender of The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Female Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SfCLkzx8M7I/AAAAAAAAAG0/VcjQKrkNdh4/s1600-h/The+Female+Brain.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327911823670522802" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 190px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SfCLkzx8M7I/AAAAAAAAAG0/VcjQKrkNdh4/s320/The+Female+Brain.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/04/el-cerebro-femenino-continuacion-se.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/o-cerebro-feminino.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Female Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The following summarises the main points derived from the chapter Perception and Cognition of the Book THE FEMALE BRAIN:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are 3 categories of cognition and perceptual tasks: female advantage tasks, male advantage tasks, and neutral tasks. The male advantage tasks are those requiring analysis and manipulation of spatial stimuli (e.g. Rod and Frame, Mental Rotation). &lt;strong&gt;The female advantage tasks are those requiring &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;the analysis and manipulation of verbal&lt;/span&gt; and visual materials (e.g. Synonyms, Hidden Objects).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Performance on male advantage task improves during the menstrual phase, when female performance becomes more like male performance. Performance on female advantage tasks is better in the mildluteal phase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The female-male differences on spatial tasks are related primarily to reaction time, while accuracy is usually equal. Females can perform the tasks as accurately as male, but it may take more trials to acquire the skill initially.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is a female advantage for recognizing and remembering specific rather global information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are differences in perceptual and sensory system sensitively across the menstrual cycle. Prior to (or on) ovulation visual acuity is greatest, sensitivity to musk is increases and tactile sensivity is heightened. This makes good sense since the system most useful for finding a mate are most sensitive when the female need them most (Ivery unpublished observation). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "The Female Brain", Second Edition, Cynthia Darlington, 2002, pages 102 - 103 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3419009923014481762?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3419009923014481762/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/04/female-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3419009923014481762'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3419009923014481762'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/04/female-brain.html' title='The Female Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SfCLkzx8M7I/AAAAAAAAAG0/VcjQKrkNdh4/s72-c/The+Female+Brain.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6800496971709537426</id><published>2009-04-10T12:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T12:19:44.166-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gender of The Brain'/><title type='text'>Gender Differences Between Teenaged Brains</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sd6WlxVwypI/AAAAAAAAAGs/xFlpQks3DSw/s1600-h/Diferencias+sexuales.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5322857385242446482" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 230px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sd6WlxVwypI/AAAAAAAAAGs/xFlpQks3DSw/s320/Diferencias+sexuales.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/04/chicos-y-chicas-cerebros-diferentes.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/diferencas-de-genero-entre-os-cerebros.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Gender Differences Between Teenaged Brains&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Gender differences in cognitive development during adolescence have also been studied in terms of speech development and lateralisation of language in the human brain (Blanton et al., 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This showed significant age-related increases in both white and grey matters in left inferior frontal gyrus in boys aged 11 years compared with girls of the same age, and this overall area was observed as larger in boys.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Both boys and girls showed asymmetry in development with the right side growing faster, but each in slightly different areas of the prefrontal cortex.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adolescence is a time of profound mental change, which affects the emotional constitution – social awareness, character, and tendencies towards the development of mental illness. It is a period when the individual is especially open to learning and to social developments, and it is also a time when anti-social behaviour can emerge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adolescence is a crucial period in terms of emotional development partly due to a surge of hormones in the brain. Sex hormones play an important part in intense teenage emotions and have recently been found to be active in the emotional centre of the brain (i.e., the limbic system). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These hormones directly influence serotonin and other neurochemicals which regulate mood, &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;and contribute to the known thrill-seeking behaviour of teenagers&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6800496971709537426?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6800496971709537426/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/04/gender-differences-between-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6800496971709537426'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6800496971709537426'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/04/gender-differences-between-brain.html' title='Gender Differences Between Teenaged Brains'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sd6WlxVwypI/AAAAAAAAAGs/xFlpQks3DSw/s72-c/Diferencias+sexuales.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7937922671038680995</id><published>2009-03-30T18:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-03T15:01:09.285-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Teenage Brain'/><title type='text'>Prefrontal Cortex - Our Moral Monitor</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SdF6r2YCbGI/AAAAAAAAAGk/r5uBvXw1LU0/s1600-h/Corteza+prefrontal.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5319167528650566754" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 312px; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SdF6r2YCbGI/AAAAAAAAAGk/r5uBvXw1LU0/s320/Corteza+prefrontal.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/corteza-prefrontal-nuestro-monitor.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/05/e-o-cortex-prefrontal-nosso-monitor.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Is The Prefrontal Cortex Our Moral Monitor?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Prefrontal System, or prefrontal cortex, is one of the largest critical subregions in the human brain.&lt;/strong&gt; Brodmann estimated that it constitutes 29% of the cortex in human beings, as compared to 17% chimpanzees, 7% in dogs, and 3.5% in cats.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Its high degree of development in human beings suggests that it too may mediate a variaty of specifically human functions, often referred to as "&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;executive functions&lt;/span&gt;" such as abstract thought, creative problem solving, and temporal sequencing of behavior.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The lesion method provided an early landmark in our understanding of the prefrontal cortex through the case of Phineas Gage, a quarry worker who was injured by explosion that drove an iron bar through his left frontal lobe. Gage survived the bizarre accident, but afterward he began to show serious personality changes that were described by Harlow (the physician who cared for him and saved his life).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prior to the accident Gage was conscientious, serious, and hardworking, but after recovered he became immature, child-like, socially inappropiate, and irresponsible. Harlow's early descriptions of frontal lobe functions has been supplemented by many subsequent studies of people with frontal tumors, injuries to the frontal lobe, and surgical treatment for epilepsy, psychosis or obsessive-compulsive disorder. This work indicates that substantial damage to the prefrontal cortex produces a syndrome quite similar to that of Gage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although general intelligence is not necessarily impaired by frontal lesions, individuals with substantial frontal injury the other capacities such as volitions, the ability to plan, and social judgment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two different subtypes of "frontal syndromes" have been observed:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lesions to the orbital region of the prefrontal cortex (a more "primitive" part of the frontal cortex on its lower surface, just above the eyes) make people euphoric, overactive, and inclined to inappropriate social behavior such as sexual overtures to unknown people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lesions to the dorsolateral portion (the outer convexities of the frontal lobes on the side of the brain) make people apathetic, physically inactive, and less able to perform complex cognitive tasks such as formulating an abstract concept.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Within both of these syndromes, however, lies a common core: impairment in the capacity to pursue goal-directed behavior, based in the integration of environmental and internal cues. This is probably the basic functions of the prefrontal cortex.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The prefrontal cortex matures particularly late in human beings, concluding its development in the third decade of an individual’s development. (&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;which partly explains the behavior of "typically adolescent" angry, insecure and confused&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "BRAVE NEW BRAIN", Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome, Nancy C. Andreasen, 2000, pages 68 - 69   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7937922671038680995?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7937922671038680995/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/prefrontal-cortex-our-moral-monitor.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7937922671038680995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7937922671038680995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/prefrontal-cortex-our-moral-monitor.html' title='Prefrontal Cortex - Our Moral Monitor'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SdF6r2YCbGI/AAAAAAAAAGk/r5uBvXw1LU0/s72-c/Corteza+prefrontal.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3434946050041128324</id><published>2009-03-24T14:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-13T05:15:20.939-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Sleep and the Child Development</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScemWviQDGI/AAAAAAAAAGM/hxPTQS3zVS0/s1600-h/386534[1].jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316400794781617250" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 213px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScemWviQDGI/AAAAAAAAAGM/hxPTQS3zVS0/s320/386534%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/el-sueno-y-el-desarrollo-infantil.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-sonho-e-o-desenvolvimento-do-cerebro.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;The Sleep and the Development of the Brain Child&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Early school starting time has been associated with increased sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness and poorer school performance &lt;/strong&gt;(Carskadon et al., 1998). The children involved complain significantly more about being tired throughout the day and having attention and concentration difficulties than those with a later school start time (Epstein, Chillag and Lavie, 1998).&lt;strong&gt; It remains debatable whether school start times are too early&lt;/strong&gt;: more studies would be needed before any firm conclusions could be made about their effects, together with experiments to better understand the relationship between sleep and learning (such as memory consolidation).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The effectiveness of school lessons, workplace training sessions or conferences could increase if their scheduling and planning took account of the scientific findings on sleep. Educators might, for example, schedule lessons for adolescents later in the day and advise students on the benefits of recapping lessons after a night’s sleep.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SclIdTZpnzI/AAAAAAAAAGc/VmppXgVvoUk/s1600-h/video-games-kids[1].jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316860503348846386" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SclIdTZpnzI/AAAAAAAAAGc/VmppXgVvoUk/s320/video-games-kids%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Parents could play a valuable role in helping to nurture their children’s brains &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;by ensuring that they get enough sleep and, before bedtime, avoiding activities that hype up the brain,&lt;/span&gt; such as computer games.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3434946050041128324?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3434946050041128324/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/dream-and-child-development.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3434946050041128324'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3434946050041128324'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/dream-and-child-development.html' title='The Sleep and the Child Development'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScemWviQDGI/AAAAAAAAAGM/hxPTQS3zVS0/s72-c/386534%5B1%5D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1576629690390780969</id><published>2009-03-23T08:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-01T04:42:22.092-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>“How Much is Enough?”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScelD7pUaLI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Sy79ICyl3tY/s1600-h/primer-plano-joven_~gws221011[1].jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316399372103346354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 220px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScelD7pUaLI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Sy79ICyl3tY/s320/primer-plano-joven_~gws221011%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/que-cantidad-es-suficiente.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/quanto-e-o-suficiente.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“How Much is Enough?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Any discussion of deprived or reduced sleep raises the question &lt;strong&gt;“how much is enough?”. &lt;/strong&gt;Because individual differences in sleep requirements are large, &lt;strong&gt;it is impossible to give simple guidelines that would suit every person.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is also evidence that &lt;strong&gt;having a nap after learning a task appears to improve performance&lt;/strong&gt; so that the common expression “let’s sleep on it” is not an example of a proverbial "&lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/dispelling-neuromyths.html"&gt;neuromyth&lt;/a&gt;". Robert Stickgold (2003) performed studies on a group of students at Harvard University, &lt;strong&gt;showing that performance on a complex task requiring a great deal of attention and concentration &lt;/strong&gt;could be restored to the levels observed early in the experiment by&lt;strong&gt; subjects taking a nap of between 30-60 minutes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As sleep deprivation appears to be prevalent among children, more studies to screen for sleep disturbances and more experimental studies would help to ascertain their association with psychological symptoms and diminished cognitive performance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 74 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt; &lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SclGmInJVrI/AAAAAAAAAGU/8iz0TG4AdUo/s1600-h/Dormir+y+aprender.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316858456048228018" style="WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 235px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SclGmInJVrI/AAAAAAAAAGU/8iz0TG4AdUo/s320/Dormir+y+aprender.bmp" border="0" /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Comnent (Aditional Information)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sleep and your Age&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When we are born we need up &lt;strong&gt;approximately&lt;/strong&gt; to 18 hours of sleep each day. Much of this spent in REM sleep, which is thought contribute to brain development. As REM is often followed by a period of lighter sleep or waking, you can see why babies sleep for a short period then wake.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The amount of sleep needed decreases as a child grows up. Three to five –year-olds need &lt;strong&gt;around&lt;/strong&gt; 11-13 hours of sleep during the night as most have given up napping during the day by then. By age of five or so, only a little over two hour are spent in REM sleep. Pre-teens may need between nine and eleven hours of sleep, while teenagers need to ten hours &lt;strong&gt;on average&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As we age, the need for sleep alters, and around half older people complain of regular sleep problems. Older people may not need less sleep but may find themselves spending less of the night in deep sleep. Hormone levels change often leaving older people struggling to get to sleep; waking early and then needing to nap during the day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poor health or less active lifestyle can also reduce the ability to sleep for solid seven or eight hours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Women are more likely experience insomnia than men. Insomnia affects between 15% and 30% of men, and 25% to 40% of women.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"IMSOMIA", The Essential Guide, Antonia Chitty &amp;amp; Victoria Dawson, 2009, page 8 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1576629690390780969?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1576629690390780969/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/how-much-is-enough.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1576629690390780969'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1576629690390780969'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/how-much-is-enough.html' title='“How Much is Enough?”'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScelD7pUaLI/AAAAAAAAAGE/Sy79ICyl3tY/s72-c/primer-plano-joven_~gws221011%5B1%5D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6760334703548166731</id><published>2009-03-18T08:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-03T15:14:23.738-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>Take Care of your Children's Sleep</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScEUnAHpfGI/AAAAAAAAAF8/xEZffaUQaVs/s1600-h/noche-buho-refranes_~ruggia0220c%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314551695553428578" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 268px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScEUnAHpfGI/AAAAAAAAAF8/xEZffaUQaVs/s320/noche-buho-refranes_~ruggia0220c%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/cuide-el-sueno-de-sus-hijos.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/cuide-o-sono-de-suas-criancas.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Take Care of your Children's Sleep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;An early study showed that one night’s complete sleep loss had similar effects in children aged 11-14 years to those previously shown in adults (Carskadon, Harvey and Dement, 1981). Partial sleep restriction was found to lead to some impaired cognitive functions. Routine performance, on the other hand, was maintained even after one full night’s sleep restriction (Randazzo et al., 1998). Shorter sleep duration has been demonstrated to lead to poorer performance on short-term memory tasks (Steenari et al., 2003).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported associations between children’s sleep disturbances and various psychological symptoms, including depression and behavioural problems (Morrison, McGee and Stanton, 1992; Chervin et al., 1997; Dagan et al. 1997; Corkum, Tannock and Moldofsky, 1998; Dahl, 1998; Marcotte et al., 1998; Aronen et al., 2000; Smedje, Broman and Hetta, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychological disorder in which sleep disturbance frequently occurs. Several studies have reported increased rates of sleep problems among children with ADHD (Chervin et al., 1997; Marcotte et al., 1998; Stein, 1999; Owens et al., 2000a). Children with ADHD, compared with the control children, have higher parent-reported bedtime resistance, sleep-onset problems, sleep-related anxiety, daytime sleepiness, parasomnias and shorter sleep duration (Owens et al., 2000b).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScEUWm_LiHI/AAAAAAAAAF0/KKbIJ_VMUXE/s1600-h/nina-viendo-la-television_article%5B1%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314551413929117810" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScEUWm_LiHI/AAAAAAAAAF0/KKbIJ_VMUXE/s320/nina-viendo-la-television_article%5B1%5D.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Certain environmental factors have also been shown to be related to sleep disturbances. &lt;strong&gt;For example, high quantities of televisionviewing, particularly at bedtime, have adverse effects on sleep &lt;/strong&gt;(Owens et al., 2000a). Moreover bedtime resistance (Blader et al., 1997; Smedje, Broman and Hetta, 1998) &lt;strong&gt;as well as sleeping in the same bed as parents have been correlated with sleep-onset problems &lt;/strong&gt;(Lozoff, Wolf and Davis, 1984; Madansky and Edelbrock, 1990; Latz, Wolf and Lozoff, 1999).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; "Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 74  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6760334703548166731?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6760334703548166731/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/take-care-of-your-childrens-sleep.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6760334703548166731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6760334703548166731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/take-care-of-your-childrens-sleep.html' title='Take Care of your Children&apos;s Sleep'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/ScEUnAHpfGI/AAAAAAAAAF8/xEZffaUQaVs/s72-c/noche-buho-refranes_~ruggia0220c%5B1%5D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3616507831721397657</id><published>2009-03-15T18:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-07T09:42:48.602-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Sleep Disturbances and the Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sb2m_BQs28I/AAAAAAAAAFs/mCBYXIvtrjc/s1600-h/Polisomnografia+Pediatrica.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5313586736967506882" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 232px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sb2m_BQs28I/AAAAAAAAAFs/mCBYXIvtrjc/s320/Polisomnografia+Pediatrica.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/blog-post.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/as-perturbacoes-do-sono-e-aprendizagem.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Sleep Disturbances and the Learning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Children’s sleep disturbances have been linked with numerous somatic disorders, neurological illnesses and emotional and behavioural disturbances such as hyperactivity, as well as learning difficulties (Ferber and Kryger, 1995).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent and persistent and are among the most common complaints throughout childhood: epidemiological studies have shown that approximately one third of all children suffer from sleep problems (Simonds and Parraga, 1984; Kahn et al., 1989; Blader et al., 1997; Rona, Gulliford and Chinn, 1998). A survey of clinical paediatricians suggested that they are the fifth leading concern of parents (following illness, feeding, behavioural problems and physical abnormalities; Mindell et al., 1994).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although there are common sleeping disorders at all ages (Wiggs and Stores, 2001), there are also age-specific patterns as with the changes which happen during adolescence. A questionnaire-based survey of sleeping habits of 25 000 people between ages 10-90 shows that children are typically early risers, but start to &lt;a href="http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/brain-change-during-adolescence.html"&gt;sleep progressively later as they enter adolescence,&lt;/a&gt; reaching a maximum lateness around the age of 20, when the curve starts to decline (Abbott, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generally, individuals have increased daytime sleepiness at puberty, whether or not there are changes in total sleep duration, suggesting that the biological need for sleep does not diminish during adolescence (Carskadon et al., 1980).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some studies tentatively suggest that sleep deprivation and sleeping problems are associated with poorer academic performance: the less they sleep, the lower their performance (Wolfson and Carskadon, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since many children suffer from chronic sleep deprivation there is a very real concern about the potentially harmful effects that this has for the developing brain.&lt;/strong&gt; While experimental sleep deprivation studies on children are rare for ethical reasons, those carried out have investigated cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 74  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3616507831721397657?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3616507831721397657/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleep-disturbances-and-learning.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3616507831721397657'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3616507831721397657'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleep-disturbances-and-learning.html' title='The Sleep Disturbances and the Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/Sb2m_BQs28I/AAAAAAAAAFs/mCBYXIvtrjc/s72-c/Polisomnografia+Pediatrica.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2340762460901078970</id><published>2009-03-09T11:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-07T09:48:15.837-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Sleeping and Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbVieYz6M4I/AAAAAAAAAFk/IIfldk67Xeg/s1600-h/Sleep+Learning.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311259609749140354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbVieYz6M4I/AAAAAAAAAFk/IIfldk67Xeg/s320/Sleep+Learning.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/el-sueno-y-el-aprendizaje.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/dormir-e-aprender.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Sleeping and Learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Approaches involving human functional imaging (the recording of activity from larger neuronal networks) and genetic or pharmacological manipulation of the brain &lt;strong&gt;have converged to support the notion that the stages of sleep (slow wave sleep and REM sleep) function in concert to reprocess recent memory traces and consolidate memory, and this across different species and different learning tasks (Stickgold, 2003).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whereas REM sleep seems to benefit particularly the consolidation of skill memories, slow wave sleep enhances particularly the consolidation of explicit declarative memories depending on the hippocampus. Numerous sleep deprivation studies support the idea that sleep contributes to the stabilisation of acquired memory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Evidence from experiments in animals and humans support the concept of an “offline” reprocessing of recent experiences during sleep that is causative for memory consolidation (Ji and Wilson, 2007; Rasch et al., 2007), and analysis of the thalamocortical system establishes the reciprocal observation that sleep is itself a plastic process affected by waking experience (Miyamoto and Hensch, 2003).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One hypothesis is that sleep plays a key role in neural plasticity, i.e. in maintaining appropriate connections between neurons through reinforcing significant connections between synapses and eliminating accidental ones. It has been proposed that the entire cortex experiences neural plasticity in sleep, as it “updates” following experiences of the world, especially the previous day’s events (Kavanau, 1997).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain", The Birth of a Learning Science, 2007, page 74  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2340762460901078970?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2340762460901078970/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleepinng-and-learning-approaches.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2340762460901078970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2340762460901078970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleepinng-and-learning-approaches.html' title='The Sleeping and Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbVieYz6M4I/AAAAAAAAAFk/IIfldk67Xeg/s72-c/Sleep+Learning.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6809011029962292084</id><published>2009-03-07T22:59:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T06:48:53.808-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Sleep and The Brain'/><title type='text'>The Sleep and the Health</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbNqhzm1l2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/cBp0ZaMpvIY/s1600-h/Dormir+bien.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5310705514621278050" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 311px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbNqhzm1l2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/cBp0ZaMpvIY/s320/Dormir+bien.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/el-sueno-y-la-salud.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-sono-e-saude-mental.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Sleep and the Mental Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The function of sleep has always fascinated scientists, while remaining something of a biological mystery. Fundamental questions about it remain to be clarified. From a neurophysiological point of view, it is a specific state of brain alertness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Brain studies are not necessary for us to know that adequate sleep is necessary in order for people to remain alert and awake: clearly, the functions of sleep are essential to life. Researchers are unanimous that while many bodily functions can recover during wakefulness, only sleep can restore cortical functions (Horne, 2000).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sleep quality is closely related to well-being&lt;/strong&gt;, poor sleep can also have a negative impact on mood (Poelstra, 1984) and behaviour (Dahl and Puig-Antich, 1990). Latent sleep disorders can in some cases result in psychological symptoms (Reite, 1998). &lt;strong&gt;In adults, daytime sleepiness is related to impairments in work and social life, increased disorders, and increases risks such as of motor vehicle accidents&lt;/strong&gt; (Ohayon et al., 1997).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Studies, from the behavioural to the molecular level, suggest that sleep contributes to memory formation in humans and other mammals (Maquet, 2001). Sleep was first implicated in learning and neural plasticity with studies performed on animals, which showed a correlation between the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and performance on a learned task (Smith, 1996).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recent studies in humans provided evidence for a critical involvement of slow wave sleep and associated slow EEG oscillations in the consolidation of memories and underlying neural plasticity (Huber et al., 2004, Marshall et al., 2006). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 73  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6809011029962292084?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6809011029962292084/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleep-and-health.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6809011029962292084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6809011029962292084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/sleep-and-health.html' title='The Sleep and the Health'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SbNqhzm1l2I/AAAAAAAAAFc/cBp0ZaMpvIY/s72-c/Dormir+bien.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3823118305342422940</id><published>2009-03-02T13:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T06:25:24.592-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Environment and Development of the Brain'/><title type='text'>Social Interactions and the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaxRWgcJpqI/AAAAAAAAAFU/2upezWh0pfY/s1600-h/Educaci%C3%B3n+Inicial.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308707507869951650" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 246px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaxRWgcJpqI/AAAAAAAAAFU/2upezWh0pfY/s320/Educaci%C3%B3n+Inicial.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/interacciones-sociales-y-el-aprendizaje.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/interacoes-sociais-e-o-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Social Interactions and the Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There are social influences on the brain which have a direct impact on its ability to function optimally for learning. &lt;strong&gt;The importance of positive social influences on physiology and behaviour has been established.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the past two decades, infants have been increasingly recognised as seekers and providers of social interaction and communication. Even though much of early learning appears to be automatic, &lt;strong&gt;it requires a naturally rich and stimulating environment in which social interaction is very important &lt;/strong&gt;(Blakemore, Winston and Frith, 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A study of Romanian orphanages has shown that a lack of emotional nourishment can lead to attachment disorder (O’Connor, Bredenkamp and Rutter, 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another study of children reared in an extreme social environment in which they were deprived of any of the normal care found that such deprivation can produce relatively permanent changes in a child’s brain chemistry, impairing the production of hormones such as oxytocin that are integral to bonding and social interaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These findings support the view that &lt;strong&gt;there is a crucial role for early social experience in the development of the brain systems underlying key aspects of human social behaviour &lt;/strong&gt;(Fries et al., 2005).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 62  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3823118305342422940?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3823118305342422940/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/social-interactions-and-learning.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3823118305342422940'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3823118305342422940'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/social-interactions-and-learning.html' title='Social Interactions and the Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaxRWgcJpqI/AAAAAAAAAFU/2upezWh0pfY/s72-c/Educaci%C3%B3n+Inicial.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8431702731400558337</id><published>2009-03-01T00:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T06:21:43.170-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nutritional brain'/><title type='text'>The Importance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SapGbIbuFqI/AAAAAAAAAFM/FjVkJeQrkNE/s1600-h/Omega+3.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308132542743713442" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 320px; height: 256px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SapGbIbuFqI/AAAAAAAAAFM/FjVkJeQrkNE/s320/Omega+3.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/03/la-importancia-del-omega-3-en-la-dieta.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/importancia-dos-acidos-graxos-omega-3.html"&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Importance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;It is thus essential to take account of these nutritional needs throughout the day and to distribute nutritional intake to take account of these needs.  Beyond this, 39 vital elements are not produced by the body and therefore need to be obtained from a dietary source (OECD, 2003b).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A recent finding has confirmed the benefits of the old-fashioned bane of children’s daily diet – the spoonful of cod liver oil. This staple “potion”, like other fish oils, is particularly rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), now commonly referred to as omega-3 fatty acids. &lt;strong&gt;They are particularly important for hormone balance and the immune system both of which are crucial for a healthy brain. &lt;/strong&gt;In many modern diets, fatty acids have become relatively scarce, yet they are still essential to normal brain development and function.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While it is necessary not to be swept along by faddish enthusiasm for omega-3 fatty acids before more extensive brain studies have provided evidence for such claims, a randomised controlled trial of dietary supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids versus a placebo was conducted on 117 children aged 5-12 years with Developmental Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD). Results showed that while no effect of the active treatment on motor skills was apparent, significant improvements were found in reading, spelling and behaviour over 3 months of treatment in parallel groups. The conclusion reached was that fatty acid supplementation may offer a safe and efficient treatment option for educational and behavioural problems in children with DCD (Richardson and Montgomery, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another study was undertaken in prisons in the United Kingdom to test whether adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids caused a reduction in antisocial behaviour, including violence. This was indeed the case and is particularly relevant for those with poor diets (Gesch et al., 2002).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Although scientific evidence shows that a diet rich in essential fatty acids and eating a good breakfast contribute to good health and improved learning, &lt;/strong&gt;the clear, messages from this research have, to date, not been widely taken on board by policy to ensure its practical application. It is thus necessary to expand studies and apply such findings to the education domain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Promoting healthy behaviour among students should be a fundamental mission of schools: providing young people with the knowledge and skills they need to become healthy and productive adults. This will improve their capacity to learn; reduce absenteeism; and improve physical fitness and mental alertness. School administrators, school board members, teachers, social workers and parents should be encouraged to seek information and resources on the importance of nutrition for children’s health and their academic performance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 61  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8431702731400558337?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8431702731400558337/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/importance-of-omega-3-fatty-acids.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8431702731400558337'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8431702731400558337'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/03/importance-of-omega-3-fatty-acids.html' title='The Importance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SapGbIbuFqI/AAAAAAAAAFM/FjVkJeQrkNE/s72-c/Omega+3.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5593371028270936424</id><published>2009-02-24T05:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T17:01:20.484-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Childish Brain'/><title type='text'>Childhood Plasticity (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXYdLI5RVbI/AAAAAAAAADk/2s3Vha6nOfI/s1600-h/Plasticidad+Infantil+1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5293450489224058290" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXYdLI5RVbI/AAAAAAAAADk/2s3Vha6nOfI/s320/Plasticidad+Infantil+1.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/blog-post.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/plasticidade-cerebral-na-infancia-1.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Childhood Plasticity (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future life.&lt;/p&gt;Plato&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Early childhood education and care has attracted enormous attention over the past decade. This has been partly driven by research indicating the importance of quality early experiences to children’s short-term cognitive, social and emotional development, as well as to their long-term success in school and later life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The equitable access to quality pre-school education and care has been recognised as key to laying the foundations of lifelong learning for all children and supporting the broad educational and social needs of families.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In most OECD countries, the tendency is to give all children at least two years of free public provision of education before the start of compulsory schooling; governments are thus seeking to improve staff training and working conditions and also to develop appropriate pedagogical frameworks for young children (OECD, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neuroscience &lt;strong&gt;will not be able to provide solutions to all the challenges &lt;/strong&gt;facing early childhood education and care but neuroscientific findings can be expected to provide useful insights for informed decision-making in this field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Very young children are able to develop sophisticated understandings of the phenomena around them – they are “active learners” &lt;/strong&gt;(US National Research Council, 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Even at the moment of birth, the child’s brain is not a tabula rasa.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Children develop theories about the world extremely early and revise them in light of their experience. The domains of early learning include linguistics, psychology, biology and physics as well as how language, people, animals, plants and objects work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Early education needs to take good account of both the distinctive mind and individual conceptualisation of young children and this will help to identify the preferred modes of learning, e.g. through play.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Infants have a competence for numbers.&lt;/strong&gt; Research has indicated that very young infants, in the first months of life, already attend to the number of objects in their environment (McCrink and Wynn, 2004). There is also evidence that infants can operate with numbers (Dehaene, 1997). They develop mathematical skills through interaction with the environment and by building upon their initial number sense (further explored in Chapter 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 43 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5593371028270936424?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5593371028270936424/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/childhood-plasticity-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5593371028270936424'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5593371028270936424'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/childhood-plasticity-1.html' title='Childhood Plasticity (1)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXYdLI5RVbI/AAAAAAAAADk/2s3Vha6nOfI/s72-c/Plasticidad+Infantil+1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8400861551811761952</id><published>2009-02-23T14:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T06:11:45.076-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nutritional brain'/><title type='text'>The Breakfast and the Learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaMjuVheRzI/AAAAAAAAAE8/Zk2KeqYyH9c/s1600-h/Desayuno+Saludable.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5306124064931071794" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 268px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaMjuVheRzI/AAAAAAAAAE8/Zk2KeqYyH9c/s320/Desayuno+Saludable.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/la-importancia-del-desayuno-en-el.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/o-cafe-da-manha-e-aprendizagem.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Breakfast and the Learning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The importance of nutrition for health and human well-being is clear. It has direct implications for physical health and particularly for how well the brain functions. We can boost learning capacity through what we eat. For example, &lt;strong&gt;studies show that skipping breakfast interferes with cognition and learning.&lt;/strong&gt; However, many students start school with an inadequate breakfast or no breakfast at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A landmark study undertaken in the United States examined the effects of school breakfast on academic performance among 1 023 low-income students from third through fifth grades. Results showed that children who participated in the study made significantly greater gains in overall standardised test scores and showed improvements in maths, reading and vocabulary scores. In addition, rates of absence and tardiness were reduced among participants (Meyers et al., 1989).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Minnesota elementary schools, a threeyear Universal School Breakfast Programme pilot study showed a general increase in composite maths and reading scores, improved student behaviour, reduced morning trips to the nurse and increased student attendance and test scores (Minnesota Department of Children, Families and Learning, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another study tested 29 school children throughout the morning on four successive days with a different breakfast each day (either cereal or glucose drink or no breakfast). A series of computerised tests of attention, working memory and episodic secondary memory was conducted prior to breakfast and again 30, 90, 150 and 210 minutes later. Having the glucose drink breakfast or no breakfast was followed by declines in attention and memory, but the declines were significantly reduced following a cereal breakfast. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This study demonstrates that a typical breakfast of cereal rich in complex carbohydrates can help maintain mental performance over the morning &lt;/strong&gt;(Wesnes et al., 2003).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 61  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8400861551811761952?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8400861551811761952/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/breakfast-and-learning_23.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8400861551811761952'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8400861551811761952'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/breakfast-and-learning_23.html' title='The Breakfast and the Learning'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SaMjuVheRzI/AAAAAAAAAE8/Zk2KeqYyH9c/s72-c/Desayuno+Saludable.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6653079132412469916</id><published>2009-02-17T14:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T06:04:30.694-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adult brain'/><title type='text'>Brain Fitness</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZs3DaWMH5I/AAAAAAAAAE0/4KQ6iqhXPc4/s1600-h/Estar+en+forma.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5303893517910417298" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 182px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZs3DaWMH5I/AAAAAAAAAE0/4KQ6iqhXPc4/s320/Estar+en+forma.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-aprendizaje-disminuye-la-declinacion.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/exercite-seu-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Brain Fitness&lt;br /&gt;Learning to Delay age-related Cognitive Decline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Age-related decline is due to problems with various cognitive mechanisms rather than having a single cause. It is likely that all of the different executive processes, as well as their speed, decline with age and contribute to difficulties in higher-order cognitive functions such as reasoning and memory (Park et al., 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Studies addressing the differential decline of neurocognitive function with age &lt;strong&gt;show that the speed of information-processing declines already in the fourth decade of life, &lt;/strong&gt;and applies especially to those cognitive processes which are dependent on areas and circuits within the prefrontal cortex.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the so called “executive functions” are among the first to deteriorate with age, which becomes manifest in such ways as decreasing efficiency in processing of new information, increased forgetting, lack of attention and concentration, and decreased learning potential.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The effect of age differs within the prefrontal cortex, with the dorsolateral and medial areas being more affected than the orbital region. It is possible that this difference leads to lack of integrity of areas within the prefrontal cortex and plays a causal role in age-related cognitive decline (Tisserand et al., 2001; 2002).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Age-related decline in higher-order cognitive functioning does not necessarily affect creativity. Indeed, there is evidence that creativity is largely independent of other cognitive functions. A study examining the effects of ageing on creativity among Japanese adults ranging in age from 25 to 83 found no age differences in fluency, originality of thinking ability, productivity, and application of creative ability. However, gender differences were found on fluency and productivity with women outscoring men. &lt;strong&gt;These results suggest that certain creative abilities are maintained throughout the adult years&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to experience, &lt;strong&gt;“fitness”&lt;/strong&gt; is another factor that affects the cognitive function (see Chapter 3). The idea that physical and mental fitness are related is an ancient one, expressed in Latin by the poet Juvenal as “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., &lt;strong&gt;“a healthy mind in a healthy body”&lt;/strong&gt;). A review of the animal literature has found reasons for optimism in the enhancement of cognitive function (Anderson et al., 2000).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, pages 50-51   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6653079132412469916?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6653079132412469916/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/brain-fitness.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6653079132412469916'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6653079132412469916'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/brain-fitness.html' title='Brain Fitness'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZs3DaWMH5I/AAAAAAAAAE0/4KQ6iqhXPc4/s72-c/Estar+en+forma.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8566668779212371063</id><published>2009-02-15T03:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T05:59:21.402-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adult brain'/><title type='text'>Use it or Lose it</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZf0rap0AAI/AAAAAAAAAEs/xTg7mQMpiXU/s1600-h/Ancianos+aprendiendo.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302976112978296834" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 274px; HEIGHT: 220px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZf0rap0AAI/AAAAAAAAAEs/xTg7mQMpiXU/s320/Ancianos+aprendiendo.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/usalo-o-pierdelo.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/usa-lo-ou-perde-lo.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Use it or Lose it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Many cognitive processes in the brain decline when we stop using them, confirming the broad thrust of the lifelong learning concept. Instead of the proverbial “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks” the message is instead &lt;strong&gt;“use it or lose it”&lt;/strong&gt;, raising the further question of how best this should be done.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combating Declining Cognitive Function&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Although our brain is flexible enough to permit learning throughout life, &lt;strong&gt;there is a general decline &lt;/strong&gt;in most cognitive capacities from around age 20 to 80. The everyday impression is that the decline starts much later than at 20 years, simply because it becomes more noticeable during late adulthood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The losses of executive function and longterm memory in middle-aged adults may also not be too apparent to the individual because they are offset by increases in expertise and skill (Park et al., 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Much remains to be understood, however, about the interaction between increasing knowledge and declining executive function and memory across the lifespan so that further research is needed in this area.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not all cognitive functions decline with age in the same way. The decline has been most clearly noted in tasks such as letter comparison, pattern comparison, letter rotation, computation span, reading span, cued recall, free recall, and so on. By contrast, increases in cognitive capacities across the lifespan up to age 70 (with some declines by age 80) have also been noted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the case for vocabulary, for example, which manifests an increase in experience and general knowledge counterbalancing losses in other cognitive capacities (Park et al., 2001; Tisserand et al., 2001; 2002).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 50   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8566668779212371063?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8566668779212371063/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/use-it-or-lose-it.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8566668779212371063'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8566668779212371063'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/use-it-or-lose-it.html' title='Use it or Lose it'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZf0rap0AAI/AAAAAAAAAEs/xTg7mQMpiXU/s72-c/Ancianos+aprendiendo.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3795579108671448417</id><published>2009-02-10T10:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T10:37:08.005-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Adult brain'/><title type='text'>Plasticity in the Adulthood and the Elderly</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZHH3cy3DYI/AAAAAAAAAEk/S4SYMmnitTU/s1600-h/Plasticidad+Infantil.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301237991828032898" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 278px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZHH3cy3DYI/AAAAAAAAAEk/S4SYMmnitTU/s320/Plasticidad+Infantil.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/la-plasticida-cerebral-en-la-adultez-y.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/04/plasticidade-cerebral-na-adultez.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plasticity in the Adulthood and the Elderly&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contrary to the once-popular assertion that the brain loses 100 000 neurons every day (or more if accompanied by smoking and drinking), new technologies have shown that there is no age dependence if one counts the total number of neurons in each area of the cerebral cortex (Terry, DeTeresa and Hansen, 1987). Age-dependence only applies to the number of “large” neurons in the cerebral cortex. &lt;strong&gt;These large neurons decline with the consequence of increasing the number of small neurons, so that the aggregate number remains the same.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is some decrease in neuronal circuitry as neurons get smaller, however, and the numbers of synapses are reduced. &lt;strong&gt;While reduced connectivity corresponds with reduced plasticity, it does not imply reduced cognitive ability.&lt;/strong&gt; On the contrary, skill acquisition results from pruning some connections while reinforcing others. So, people continue learning throughout life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do older adults learn in the same way as the young? There is considerable evidence showing that older adults show less specificity or differentiation in brain recruitment while performing an array of cognitive tasks (Park et al., 2001).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) activation study was carried out during the word-fluency tasks. Among the young subjects, the left anterior temporal lobe and frontal lobe were activated during the retrieval of proper names. During the retrieval of animate and inanimate names, and syllable fluency, the left infero-posterior temporal lobe and left inferior frontal lobe (i.e., Broca’s area, see Figure 2.3) were activated. By contrast, the activated areas among the elderly subjects were found to be generally smaller or sometimes inactive, though certain areas which were not active among the young subjects were active among the elderly (Tatsumi, 2001).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is premature to base conclusions on these findings which need further investigation. One interpretation of these activation patterns is that other brain areas are brought into play among the older adults in an effort to compensate for deficient word retrieval. Alternatively and in favour of the vitality of the ageing brain, fluency or experience with a task necessarily reduces activity levels so that with higher processing efficiency, these tasks can also be shuttled to different areas of the brain for processing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 49  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3795579108671448417?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3795579108671448417/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/plasticity-in-adulthood-and-elderly.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3795579108671448417'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3795579108671448417'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/plasticity-in-adulthood-and-elderly.html' title='Plasticity in the Adulthood and the Elderly'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SZHH3cy3DYI/AAAAAAAAAEk/S4SYMmnitTU/s72-c/Plasticidad+Infantil.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-8470348654746487050</id><published>2009-02-03T04:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T14:21:38.518-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Teenage Brain'/><title type='text'>Brain Changes During the Adolescence</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYg6fhTXY2I/AAAAAAAAAEc/OJ-z8WjAZJo/s1600-h/Teen+sleeping.bmp"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5298549274791338850" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 238px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYg6fhTXY2I/AAAAAAAAAEc/OJ-z8WjAZJo/s320/Teen+sleeping.bmp" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/cambios-en-el-cerebro-del-adolescente.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/mudancas-cerebrais-durante-adolescencia.html"&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;Português   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Brain Changes During the Adolescence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are several parts of the brain that undergo change during adolescence:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;First, the right ventral striatum, which regulates motivating reward behaviour, faces certain changes. These differences may steer the adolescent brain toward engagement in high reward, risk behaviours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Second, the corpus callosum develops before and during puberty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Third, the pineal gland, &lt;strong&gt;which produces the hormone melatonin critical to lead the body to sleep, is understood to cue the hormones to secrete melatonin much later in the 24-hour day during adolescence than in children or adults.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Fourth, the cerebellum, which governs posture, movement, and balance, continues to grow into late adolescence. The cerebellum also influences other parts of the brain responsible for motor actions and is involved in cognitive functions including language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finally, the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for important executive functions including high-level cognition, is the last part of the brain to be pruned. This area grows during the pre-teen years and then shrinks as neural connections are pruned during adolescence. Recent studies have suggested that the way in which the prefrontal cortex is developed during adolescence may affect emotional regulation.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 46  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-8470348654746487050?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/8470348654746487050/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/brain-change-during-adolescence.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8470348654746487050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/8470348654746487050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/brain-change-during-adolescence.html' title='Brain Changes During the Adolescence'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYg6fhTXY2I/AAAAAAAAAEc/OJ-z8WjAZJo/s72-c/Teen+sleeping.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-296965278905569886</id><published>2009-02-02T14:24:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T10:26:23.240-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Teenage Brain'/><title type='text'>Teenage Brain “Work in Progress”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYdxKBi8zFI/AAAAAAAAAEI/MPRQETUSbNE/s1600-h/Cerebro+en+construcci%C3%B3n.bmp"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 319px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYdxKBi8zFI/AAAAAAAAAEI/MPRQETUSbNE/s320/Cerebro+en+construcci%C3%B3n.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5298327903652334674" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/02/adolescencia-cerebro-en-construccion.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/cerebro-adolescente-em-construcao.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Teenage Brain “Work in Progress”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Before brain imaging technologies became available, it was widely believed among scientists, including psychologists, that the brain was largely a finished product by the age of 12. One reason for this belief is that the actual size of the brain grows very little over the childhood years. By the time a child reaches the age of 6, the brain is already 90-95% of its adult size. In spite of its size, the adolescent brain can be understood as &lt;strong&gt;“work in progress”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Brain imaging has revealed that both brain volume and myelination continue to grow throughout adolescence until the young adult period (i.e., between ages 20-30).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Brain imaging studies on adolescents undertaken by Jay Giedd at the United States National Institute of Mental Health show that not only is the adolescent brain far from mature, but that both grey and white matters undergo extensive structural changes well past puberty (Giedd et al., 1999; Giedd, 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Giedd’s studies show that &lt;strong&gt;there is a second wave of proliferation and pruning that occurs later in childhood and that the final critical part of this second wave, affecting some of our highest mental functions, occurs in the late teens.&lt;/strong&gt; This neural waxing and waning alters the number of synapses between neurons (Wallis et al., 2004; Giedd et al., 1999; Giedd, 2004).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 45  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-296965278905569886?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/296965278905569886/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/teenage-brain-work-in-progress.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/296965278905569886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/296965278905569886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/02/teenage-brain-work-in-progress.html' title='Teenage Brain “Work in Progress”'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SYdxKBi8zFI/AAAAAAAAAEI/MPRQETUSbNE/s72-c/Cerebro+en+construcci%C3%B3n.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-1580820431567068566</id><published>2009-01-28T05:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-04T10:18:46.192-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Childish Brain'/><title type='text'>Sensitive Periods in the Language</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SX_K1B8T-lI/AAAAAAAAAEA/QUBXXinDJSU/s1600-h/Baby+talk.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296174699214273106" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SX_K1B8T-lI/AAAAAAAAAEA/QUBXXinDJSU/s320/Baby+talk.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/periodos.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/periodos-sensiveis-do-language.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitive Periods in the Language&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;Neville (OECD, 2000) has noted that second language learning involves both comprehension and production calling for the mastery of different processes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two of these aspect(About comprehension) – grammar and &lt;a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?dict=CALD&amp;amp;key=71637&amp;amp;ph=on"&gt;Semantic &lt;/a&gt;processing – rely on different neural systems within the brain. Grammar processing relies more on frontal regions of the left hemisphere, whereas semantic processing (e.g., vocabulary learning) activates the posterior lateral regions of both the left and right hemispheres. The later that grammar is learned, the more active is the brain in the learning process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Instead of processing grammatical information only with the left hemisphere, &lt;strong&gt;late learners process the same information with both hemispheres. This indicates that delaying exposure to language leads the brain to use a different strategy when processing grammar. &lt;/strong&gt;Confirmatory studies have additionally shown that the subjects with this bilateral activation in the brain had significantly more difficulty in using grammar correctly – the bilateral activation indicates greater difficulty in learning. Thus, the earlier the child is exposed to the grammar of a foreign language, the easier and faster it is mastered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Semantic learning, however, continues throughout life and is not constrained in time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another example of sensitive periods is during the acquisition of speech sounds (&lt;a href="http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/phoneme"&gt;phonemes&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Studies show that young infants in the first few months of their lives are capable of discriminating the subtle but relevant differences between similar-sounding consonants and between similar sounding vowels, for both native and foreign languages.&lt;/strong&gt; Newborn babies can learn to discriminate difficult speech-sounds contrasts in a couple of hours even while they are sleeping, contrary to the view that sleep is a sedentary state when such capacities as attention and learning are reduced or absent (Cheour et al., 2002a).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;During the first year of life, however, this capacity in relation to non-native language is narrowed down as sensitivity to the sounds of their native language grows. &lt;/strong&gt;This decline in non-native perception occurs during the first year of life, with the sharpest decline between eight and ten months (Werker, 2002; Kuhl, 1979). This change enhances the efficiency of the brain function by adapting to the natural environment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It should be noted that it is not sufficient to just make young infants listen to foreign languages through CDs in order to maintain the sensitivity towards foreign speech sounds.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The acquisition of non-native speech sounds is nevertheless possible outside the sensitive period. &lt;strong&gt;Cheour et al. (2002b) have shown that 3- to 6-year-old children can also learn to distinguish non-native speech sounds in natural language environment within two months without any special training. &lt;/strong&gt;McCandliss (2000) suggests that, with short-term training, Japanese native adults can learn to distinguish the speech sounds r and l.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, as the most important aspect of language learning is to be able to communicate which does not necessarily require an accurate distinction of speech sounds, it is an open question whether it is necessary to invest time in training to distinguish foreign speech sounds, &lt;strong&gt;bearing in mind the level of accuracy required in different situations.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, pages 44-45  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-1580820431567068566?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/1580820431567068566/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/sensitive-periots-in-language.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1580820431567068566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/1580820431567068566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/sensitive-periots-in-language.html' title='Sensitive Periods in the Language'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SX_K1B8T-lI/AAAAAAAAAEA/QUBXXinDJSU/s72-c/Baby+talk.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6822593824779745346</id><published>2009-01-23T16:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-06-16T17:02:08.263-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Childish Brain'/><title type='text'>Childhood Plasticity  (2) (Only Til 3 Years?)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXph7fgA6qI/AAAAAAAAAD4/EfrfojyGtoE/s1600-h/560-three-years-old.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294651986623392418" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 252px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXph7fgA6qI/AAAAAAAAAD4/EfrfojyGtoE/s320/560-three-years-old.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticidad-cerebral-2-solo-hasta-los-3.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/so-ate-aos-3-anos.html"&gt;Português &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Childhood Plasticity (2) (Only Until 3 Years Old?)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The educational question is then how best to build upon the already-existing competence of children. Is there an optimal timing and are there any preferred modes of learning?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There has long been a general belief among the non-specialists that from birth to 3 years of age, children are the most receptive to learning (Bruer, 1999). &lt;span style="COLOR: rgb(204,0,0)"&gt;On this view, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;if children have not been exposed fully and completely to various stimuli, &lt;strong&gt;they will not be able to recuperate &lt;/strong&gt;the benefits of early stimulus later on in life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However, even for the skills for which sensitive periods exist, the capacity to learn will not be lost even after the sensitive period. &lt;/strong&gt;While there is no scientific evidence that over-stimulating a normal, healthy infant has any beneficial effect, there is evidence that it may be a waste of time (Sebastian, 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The findings on which these arguments are based relate to very basic functioning such as vision; it would not be appropriate to apply this directly to the learning of cognitive skills. For more comprehensive understanding of how the experience during early childhood affects later development, a large cohort study would be required.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitive periods do nevertheless exist in certain areas of learning such as language acquisition&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 44 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6822593824779745346?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6822593824779745346/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/childhood-plasticity-2-only-until-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6822593824779745346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6822593824779745346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/childhood-plasticity-2-only-until-3.html' title='Childhood Plasticity  (2) (Only Til 3 Years?)'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SXph7fgA6qI/AAAAAAAAAD4/EfrfojyGtoE/s72-c/560-three-years-old.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-3609180558481824952</id><published>2009-01-15T13:29:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T06:09:24.095-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brain Plasticity'/><title type='text'>Plasticity and Sensitive Periods</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWu-7ETGb6I/AAAAAAAAACo/M5gL_7CdDRI/s1600-h/brain-gym-exercises.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5290532109252194210" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 242px; HEIGHT: 292px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWu-7ETGb6I/AAAAAAAAACo/M5gL_7CdDRI/s320/brain-gym-exercises.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/los-periodos-sensibles-y-la-plasticidad.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/plasticidade-cerebral-e-periodos.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Plasticity and Sensitive Periods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Neuroscientists have known for some time that the brain changes significantly over the lifespan as a response to learning experiences. This flexibility of the brain to respond to environmental demands is called plasticity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The brain is physically modified through strengthening, weakening, and elimination of existing connections, and the growth of new ones. The degree of modification depends on the type of learning that takes place, with long-term learning leading to more profound modification.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The brain’s ability to remain flexible, alert, responsive and solution-oriented is due to its lifelong capacity for plasticity. &lt;strong&gt;Before, it was thought that only infant brains were plastic.&lt;/strong&gt; This was due to the extraordinary growth of new synapses paralleled with new skill acquisition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, data uncovered over the last two decades have confirmed that the brain retains its plasticity over the lifespan. And because plasticity underlies learning, we can learn at any stage of life albeit in somewhat different ways in the different stages (Koizumi, 2003; OECD, 2002).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Plasticity can be classified into two types: &lt;strong&gt;experience-expectant&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;experience-dependent&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The plasticity &lt;strong&gt;experience-expectant&lt;/strong&gt; describes the genetically-inclined structural modification of the brain in early life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The plasticity &lt;strong&gt;experience-dependent&lt;/strong&gt; the structural modification of the brain as a result of exposure to complex environments over the lifespan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many researchers believe that &lt;strong&gt;experience-expectant&lt;/strong&gt; plasticity characterises species-wide development: it is the natural condition of a healthy brain, a feature which allows us to learn continuously until old age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In parallel to plasticity, &lt;strong&gt;learning&lt;/strong&gt; can also be described as experience-expectant or experience-dependent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Experience-expectant learning&lt;/strong&gt; takes place when the brain encounters the relevant experience, ideally at an optimal stage termed a &lt;strong&gt;“sensitive period”. &lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;Sensitive periods are the times in which a particular biological event is likely to occur best.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scientists have documented sensitive periods for certain types of sensory stimuli such as vision and speech sounds, and for certain emotional and cognitive experiences, such as language exposure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, there are many mental skills, such as vocabulary acquisition and the ability to see colour, which do not appear to pass through tight sensitive periods. These can be considered as &lt;strong&gt;experience-dependent&lt;/strong&gt; learning that takes place over the lifespan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The different types of plasticity play a&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;different role in different stages of life&lt;/strong&gt;. The following section takes the three different stages of life, namely early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (including ageing adults), and describes the distinctive characteristics of the learning process in each stage.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 42  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-3609180558481824952?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/3609180558481824952/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity-and-sensitive-periods.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3609180558481824952'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/3609180558481824952'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity-and-sensitive-periods.html' title='Plasticity and Sensitive Periods'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWu-7ETGb6I/AAAAAAAAACo/M5gL_7CdDRI/s72-c/brain-gym-exercises.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2181863919499306237</id><published>2009-01-15T11:59:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T15:01:11.949-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brain Plasticity'/><title type='text'>The Brain Plasticity</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWuOBLLV6qI/AAAAAAAAACg/5SU-N6VoET8/s1600-h/Brain+Weights.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5290478338108156578" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 251px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWuOBLLV6qI/AAAAAAAAACg/5SU-N6VoET8/s320/Brain+Weights.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="FONT-STYLE: italic" href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity-la-plasticidad-cerebral.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/espanol-english-plasticidade-cerebral-o.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Brain Plasticity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The brain is capable of learning because of its flexibility. It changes in response to stimulation from the environment. This flexibility resides in one of the intrinsic properties of the brain – its plasticity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mechanism operates in various ways at the level of the synaptic connections. Some synapses may be generated (synaptogenesis), others eliminated (pruning), and their effectiveness may be moulded, on the basis of the information processed and integrated by the brain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The “traces” left by learning and memorisation are the fruit of these modifications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plasticity is consequently a necessary condition for learning and an inherent property of the brain; it is present throughout a whole lifetime.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The concept of plasticity and its implications are vital features of the brain. Educators, policy makers and all learners will all gain from understanding why it is possible to learn over a whole lifetime and indeed brain plasticity provides a strong neuroscientific argument for “lifelong learning”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Would not primary school be a good place to start teaching learners how and why they are capable of learning?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 30  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2181863919499306237?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2181863919499306237/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2181863919499306237'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2181863919499306237'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/plasticity.html' title='The Brain Plasticity'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWuOBLLV6qI/AAAAAAAAACg/5SU-N6VoET8/s72-c/Brain+Weights.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2715479138673740996</id><published>2009-01-15T11:28:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T06:09:50.796-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Memory and the Learning'/><title type='text'>The Memory</title><content type='html'>&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5288623421085913186" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 245px; height: 230px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWT2-yyjEGI/AAAAAAAAACQ/Z3iRX3BDBW0/s320/Human+Menory.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/la-memoria-y-el-aprendizaje.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Español&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/memoria-e-o-aprendizado.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;During the learning process, traces are left by the processing and integration of perceived information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is how memory is activated. Memory is a cognitive process enabling past experiences to be remembered, both in terms of acquiring new information (development phase of the trace) and remembering information (reactivation phase of this trace).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The more a trace is reactivated, the more “marked” memory will be. In other words, it will be less vulnerable and less likely to be forgotten.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Memory is built on learning, and the benefits of learning persist thanks to it.These two processes have such a profound relationship that memory is subject to the same factors influencing learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is why memorisation of an event or of information can be improved by a strong emotional state, a special context, heightened motivation or increased attention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Learning a lesson too often means being able to recite it. Training and testing are usually based on retrieving and therefore on memorising information often to the detriment of mastering skills and even of understanding content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is this role given to memory skills in learning justified? This is a pivotal question in the field of education, and is beginning to attract the attention of neuroscientists. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 29  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2715479138673740996?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2715479138673740996/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/memory.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2715479138673740996'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2715479138673740996'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/memory.html' title='The Memory'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWT2-yyjEGI/AAAAAAAAACQ/Z3iRX3BDBW0/s72-c/Human+Menory.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-5299056771122187904</id><published>2009-01-15T08:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-07-19T09:34:58.551-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Intelligence and Brain'/><title type='text'>The Intelligence</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWJ1DsQm3_I/AAAAAAAAACI/jgkoaCKGpfA/s1600-h/inteligencia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5287917618767257586" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 281px; HEIGHT: 291px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWJ1DsQm3_I/AAAAAAAAACI/jgkoaCKGpfA/s320/inteligencia.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/intelligence-la-inteligencia-concept-of.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/inteligencia.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%"&gt;The Intelligence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The concept of intelligence has always been a subject of controversy. Can a single concept account for all of the intellectual faculties of an individual? Can these faculties be separated and measured? And in particular, what do they show and predict about the cerebral functioning of an individual and about social behaviour?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The notion of intelligence evokes “skills”, whether they are verbal skills, spatial skills, problem-solving skills or the very elaborate skill of dealing with complexity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, all of these aspects neglect the concept of “&lt;strong&gt;potential&lt;/strong&gt;”. Yet, neurobiological research on learning and cognitive functions clearly shows that these processes undergo constant evolution and are dependent on a number of factors, particularly environmental and emotional ones.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This means that a stimulating environment should offer each individual the possibility to cultivate and develop his/her skills.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From this point of view, the many attempts to quantify intelligence using tests (such as IQ measurements or others) are too static and refer to standardised and culturally (sometimes even ideologically) biased faculties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Based on a priori assumptions, intelligent tests are restrictive and therefore problematic.&lt;/strong&gt; Based on this “intelligence calculation” or the debatable assignation of individuals to different levels of intelligence, what should be concluded for the practices or even the choices related to career orientation?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 27   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-5299056771122187904?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/5299056771122187904/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/intelligence.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5299056771122187904'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/5299056771122187904'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/intelligence.html' title='The Intelligence'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWJ1DsQm3_I/AAAAAAAAACI/jgkoaCKGpfA/s72-c/inteligencia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-81407267097298824</id><published>2009-01-14T07:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T05:53:38.423-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Teenage Brain'/><title type='text'>The Emotions</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWCa8vzd1gI/AAAAAAAAACA/_kBw59xwey8/s1600-h/Aprendizaje+adolescente.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5287396330948122114" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 214px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWCa8vzd1gI/AAAAAAAAACA/_kBw59xwey8/s320/Aprendizaje+adolescente.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2009/01/emotions-las-emociones-emotional.html"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-STYLE: italic"&gt;Español&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/as-emocoes-e-o-aprendizado.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Emotions&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Emotional components have long been neglected in institutional education. Recent contributions of neuroscientists are helping to remedy this deficiency by revealing the emotional dimension of learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As opposed to “affect”, which is their conscious interpretation, emotions arise from cerebral processes and are necessary for the adaptation and regulation of human behaviour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emotions are complex reactions generally described in terms of three components: a particular mental state, a physiological change and an impulsion to act.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, faced with a situation perceived as dangerous, the reactions engendered will simultaneously consist of a specific cerebral activation of the circuit devoted to fear, body reactions typical of fear (e.g. accelerated pulse, pallor and perspiring) and the fight-or-flight reaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each emotion corresponds to a distinct functional system and has its own cerebral circuit involving structures in what we call the “limbic system” (also known as the “seat of the emotions”), as well as cortical structures, mainly the prefrontal cortex which plays a prime role in regulating emotions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Incidentally, the prefrontal cortex matures particularly late in human beings, concluding its development in the third decade of an individual’s development.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that cerebral adolescence lasts longer than was, until recently, thought, which helps to explain certain features of behaviour: the full development of the prefrontal cortex, and therefore the regulation of emotions and compensation for potential excesses of the limbic system, occur relatively late in an individual’s development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Continual exchanges make it impossible to separate the physiological, emotional and cognitive components of a particular behaviour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The strength of this interconnectivity explains the substantial impact of emotions on learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If a positively perceived emotion is associated with learning, it will facilitate success, whereas a negatively perceived emotion will result in failure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 25   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-81407267097298824?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/81407267097298824/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/emotions.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/81407267097298824'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/81407267097298824'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/emotions.html' title='The Emotions'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWCa8vzd1gI/AAAAAAAAACA/_kBw59xwey8/s72-c/Aprendizaje+adolescente.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2904682201878968231</id><published>2009-01-14T06:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-11-07T16:10:01.674-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Neuromyths'/><title type='text'>Dispelling “Neuromyths”</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SVk06W51J4I/AAAAAAAAAB4/S0ddupoDn-4/s1600-h/Mitos+mentales.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285313814881183618" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 267px; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SVk06W51J4I/AAAAAAAAAB4/S0ddupoDn-4/s320/Mitos+mentales.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="FONT-STYLE: italic" href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2008/12/dispelling-neuromyths-aclarando-los.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/clarificando-os-neuromitos-desde-ha.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dispelling “Neuromyths”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the past few years, there has been a growing number of misconceptions circulating about the brain – “neuromyths”. They are relevant to education as many have been developed as ideas about, or approaches to, how we learn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These misconceptions often have their origins in some element of sound science, which makes identifying and refuting them the more difficult. As they are incomplete, extrapolated beyond the evidence, or plain false, &lt;strong&gt;they need to be dispelled in order to prevent education running into a series of dead-ends.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each “myth” or set of myths is discussed in terms of how they have emerged into popular discourse, and of why they are not sustained by neuroscientific evidence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They are grouped as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;“There is no time to lose as everything important about the brain is decided by the age of three.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;“There are critical periods when certain matters must be taught and learnt.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;“But I read somewhere that we only use 10% of our brain anyway.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;“I’m a ‘left-brain’, she’s a ‘right-brain’ person.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;“Let’s face it – men and boys just have different brains from women and girls.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;“A young child’s brain can only manage to learn one language at a time.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;"Improve your memory!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;"Learn while you sleep!"&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 16  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2904682201878968231?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2904682201878968231/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/dispelling-neuromyths.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2904682201878968231'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2904682201878968231'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/dispelling-neuromyths.html' title='Dispelling “Neuromyths”'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SVk06W51J4I/AAAAAAAAAB4/S0ddupoDn-4/s72-c/Mitos+mentales.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-7551796781374086917</id><published>2009-01-13T11:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T03:31:47.154-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Numeracy and the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzwbXnF44I/AAAAAAAAADM/HD4x5Jz2FvI/s1600-h/Mental+Numeracy.png"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5290868015238603650" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzwbXnF44I/AAAAAAAAADM/HD4x5Jz2FvI/s320/Mental+Numeracy.png" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2008/12/numeracy-and-brain-numeracy-like.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt; &lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/o-calculo-e-o-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Numeracy and the Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Numeracy, like literacy, is created in the brain through the synergy of biology and experience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just as certain brain structures are designed through evolution for language, there are analogous structures for the quantitative sense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And, also as with language, genetically-defined brain structures alone cannot support mathematics as they need to be co-ordinated with those supplementary neural circuits not specifically destined for this task but shaped by experience to do so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hence, the important role of education – whether in schools, at home, or in play; and hence, the valuable role for neuroscience in helping address this educational challenge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although the neuroscientific research on numeracy is still in its infancy, the field has already made significant progress in the past decade. &lt;strong&gt;It shows that even very simple numerical operations are distributed in different parts of the brain and require the co-ordination of multiple structures.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mere representation of numbers involves a complex circuit that brings together sense of magnitude, and visual and verbal representations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Calculation calls on other complex distributed networks, varying according to the operation in question: subtraction is critically dependent on the inferior parietal circuit, while addition and multiplication engage yet others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Understanding the underlying developmental pathways to mathematics from a brain perspective can help shape the design of teaching strategies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Different instructional methods lead to the creation of neural pathways that vary in effectiveness: drill learning, for instance, develops neural pathways that are less effective than those developed through strategy learning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Support is growing from neuroscience for teaching strategies which involve learning in rich detail rather than the identification of correct/incorrect responses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is broadly consistent with formative assessment.Though the neural underpinnings of dyscalculia – the numerical equivalent of dyslexia – are still under-researched, the discovery of biological characteristics associated with specific mathematics impairments suggests that mathematics is far from a purely cultural construction: it requires the full functioning and integrity of specific brain structures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is likely that the deficient neural circuitry underlying dyscalculia can be addressed through targeted intervention because of the “plasticity” – the flexibility – of the neural circuitries involved in mathematics. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science" 2007, page 16  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-7551796781374086917?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/7551796781374086917/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/numeracy-and-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7551796781374086917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/7551796781374086917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/numeracy-and-brain.html' title='Numeracy and the Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzwbXnF44I/AAAAAAAAADM/HD4x5Jz2FvI/s72-c/Mental+Numeracy.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6958518997126977205</id><published>2009-01-13T11:34:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T03:23:43.328-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='The Brain and the Languages'/><title type='text'>Language, Literacy and the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5290864403442799874" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWztJIn3lQI/AAAAAAAAADE/8w906oNxSHk/s320/Aprendizaje+en+adultos.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2008/12/language-literacy-and-brain.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Español&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/linguagem-alfabetizacao-e-o-cerebro.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Language, Literacy and the Brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The brain is biologically primed to acquire language right from the very start of life; the process of language acquisition needs the catalyst of experience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is an inverse relationship between age and the effectiveness of learning many aspects of language – in general, the younger the age of exposure, the more successful the learning – and neuroscience has started to identify how the brain processes language differently among young children compared with more mature people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This understanding is relevant to education policies especially regarding foreign language instruction which often does not begin until adolescence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adolescents and adults, of course, can also learn a language anew, &lt;/strong&gt;but it presents greater difficulties.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 15   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-6958518997126977205?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/6958518997126977205/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/language-literacy-and-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6958518997126977205'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/6958518997126977205'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/language-literacy-and-brain.html' title='Language, Literacy and the Brain'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWztJIn3lQI/AAAAAAAAADE/8w906oNxSHk/s72-c/Aprendizaje+en+adultos.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-2802720475604253284</id><published>2009-01-13T11:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-24T06:24:49.915-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Environment and Development of the Brain'/><title type='text'>The Importance of Environment</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzpGKSeMnI/AAAAAAAAAC8/mKHhss5zXz8/s1600-h/I+love+tuna+fish.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5290859954303808114" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; width: 320px; height: 198px; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzpGKSeMnI/AAAAAAAAAC8/mKHhss5zXz8/s320/I+love+tuna+fish.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperu.blogspot.com/2008/12/importance-of-environment-la.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;p align="right"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hegelperuportugues.blogspot.com/2009/03/importancia-do-meio-ambiente.html"&gt;Português  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Importance of Environment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finding from brain researcher indicate how nurturing is crucial to the learning process and are beginning to provide indication of appropriate learning environments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many of environmental factors conducive to improved brain functioning are every matters:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The quality of social environment and interactions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nutrition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Physical exercise.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;Sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Which may seen too obvious and easily overlooked in their impact in the education.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By conditioning our minds and our bodies correctly, it is possible to take advantage of the brain´s potential for plasticity and to facilitate the learning process.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is calls for holistic approaches which recognise the close interdependence of physical and intellectual well-being and the close interplay of emotional and cognitive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;"Understanding the Brain: The Birth of a Learning Science", 2007, page 14  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3369490707511020949-2802720475604253284?l=hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/feeds/2802720475604253284/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/importance-of-environment.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2802720475604253284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3369490707511020949/posts/default/2802720475604253284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hegelperuenglish.blogspot.com/2009/01/importance-of-environment.html' title='The Importance of Environment'/><author><name>Hegel Salazar Herbozo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07235881870841478070</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='30' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SsINNp3dCcI/AAAAAAAAAKc/SFr5EO_m1Pw/S220/Dibujo+Hegel.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3ByBMAn_igg/SWzpGKSeMnI/AAAAAAAAAC8/mKHhss5zXz8/s72-c/I+love+tuna+fish.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3369490707511020949.post-6538153746874352301</id><published>2009-01-13T10:39:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T03:17:55.777-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brain Plasticity'/><title type='text'>How the Brain Learns Throughout Life</title><content type='html'>&
